Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Table of cases | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The European Convention on Human Rights and the Strasbourg organs | p. 4 |
The aims of this book | p. 7 |
A sociological approach to the Court's jurisprudence | p. 8 |
The Court and heteronormativity | p. 11 |
Sample of cases | p. 14 |
A note on terminology | p. 14 |
Outline of the book | p. 15 |
Making the homosexual of human rights | p. 17 |
Emerging voices: homosexuality and the Commission 1955-1980 | p. 19 |
The legal context of the applications lodged between 1955 and 1980 | p. 20 |
Germany and the 'paragraph 175' applications | p. 22 |
The Austrian cases | p. 29 |
The Commission and 'the homosexual' in the 1950s and 1960s | p. 31 |
Constructing the homosexual in the 1970s: the 'age of consent' applications | p. 34 |
Conclusion | p. 39 |
An ontological struggle: the Court and the homosexual since 1981 | p. 41 |
The subject of ontology | p. 42 |
The declarations of applicants | p. 46 |
Recognizing the essentiality of homosexuality | p. 49 |
Contesting an ontology of 'danger' | p. 52 |
The limits of the Court's approach: nature versus value | p. 57 |
Conclusion: the social construction of homosexual nature | p. 59 |
Methods and morals | p. 63 |
Homosexuality in the judicial laboratory: instruments, interpretations and evolutions | p. 65 |
Avoiding activism | p. 66 |
The margin of appreciation | p. 69 |
Consensus analysis | p. 77 |
A living instrument to be interpreted in the light of present-day conditions | p. 84 |
Conclusion | p. 88 |
Existing jurisprudence and potential future developments | p. 91 |
'An essentially private manifestation of the human personality': the limitations of Article 8 | p. 93 |
The Court's approach to private life | p. 94 |
Protecting sexual privacy | p. 96 |
The limits of private life | p. 100 |
The public/private binary and the reproduction of the closet | p. 103 |
The political consequences of the Court's interpretation of private life | p. 111 |
Family life | p. 113 |
Conclusion | p. 118 |
The anti-discrimination provisions of the Convention: Article 14 and Protocol 12 | p. 121 |
The Court's approach to discrimination | p. 123 |
The long road to Article 14 | p. 126 |
The 'age of consent' | p. 127 |
'Home' and 'family life' | p. 129 |
Parental rights/adoption of a child | p. 131 |
Freedom of assembly | p. 135 |
Four major gaps for homosexual rights under Article 14 | p. 135 |
Economic benefits | p. 136 |
Civil partnership/marriage | p. 139 |
Immigration rights for same-sex couples | p. 141 |
Employment | p. 143 |
Conclusion: is the future bright under Protocol 12? | p. 144 |
A right to marriage? Same-sex relationships and Article 12 | p. 146 |
Same-sex marriage, heteronormativity and human rights | p. 147 |
Strasbourg jurisprudence in respect of same-sex marriage and Article 12 | p. 151 |
Schalk and Kopf v Austria | p. 155 |
The future of same-sex marriage under Article 12 | p. 158 |
Conclusion | p. 161 |
Expression, assembly and association: Articles 10 and 11 | p. 163 |
The Court's approach to Article 10 | p. 164 |
Freedom of expression and homosexuality | p. 165 |
The Court's Article 10 jurisprudence in respect of homosexuality | p. 168 |
Homosexuality as obscenity | p. 168 |
The expression of sexual orientation | p. 172 |
Freedom of the press | p. 174 |
Protection from 'hate speech' | p. 176 |
The Court's approach to Article 11 | p. 181 |
Association, assembly and homosexuality | p. 183 |
The Court's Article 11 jurisprudence in respect of homosexuality | p. 185 |
Conclusion | p. 190 |
Humiliation and debasement: degrading treatment and Article 3 | p. 192 |
Why Article 3 is important for homosexuals | p. 193 |
The Court's approach to Article 3 | p. 194 |
The Court's jurisprudence in respect of Article 3 complaints relating to homosexuality | p. 197 |
Criminalization of homosexual sex | p. 198 |
Treatment in detention | p. 200 |
Treatment of service people in the armed forces | p. 204 |
Deportation of asylum seekers | p. 206 |
Conclusions: can Article 3 be evolved to better protect homosexuals? | p. 208 |
Conclusions | p. 210 |
Bibliography | p. 215 |
European Convention on Human Rights (truncated) | p. 224 |
Chronological list of decisions and judgments of the Strasbourg organs in respect of homosexuality | p. 231 |
Index | p. 248 |
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