HTTP

Understanding Web Internals

By: David Gourley

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Paperback | 4 October 2002

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658 Pages

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32.5 x 18 x 3.5

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Web technology has become the foundation for all sorts of critical networked applications and far-reaching methods of data exchange, and beneath it all is a fundamental protocol that most of us take for granted but know very little about: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. While the average Web user can remain blissfully unaware of the dozens of HTTP transactions required to download a Web page, understanding HTTP is essential for practically all Web-based programming and administration. Whether you're writing CGI programs, developing Web-based software, or managing a Web server, you need to have some knowledge of HTTP. And with the increasing emphasis on web services, which depend heavily on HTTP for interapplication communication, a strong understanding of HTTP is even more essential. "HTTP: The Definitive Guide" documents everything that technical people need for using HTTP efficiently-including the "black arts" and "tricks of the trade"-and does so in a clear and readable manner. Written by experts with years of practical and teaching experience, this book is the definitive technical bible on HTTP and related core Web technologies because it clearly explains the "why" as well as the "how". A reader can understand how web applications work, how the core Internet protocols and architectural building blocks interact, and how to correctly implement Internet clients and servers. Technical professionals doing Internet software development and architecture, IT professionals who need to understand Internet architectural components and interactions, technical marketing professionals who need a clear picture of core Web architectures and protocols, as well as untold numbers of students and hobbyists will all benefit from the knowledge packed in this volume.

Industry Reviews

"I think this book is an extremely useful, very comprehensive and clearly-written reference to all aspects of the internals of the Web going well beyond just the bare mechanics of HTTP. Even where its huge detail does stop on a topic, there are extensive and useful references for further reading on each topic covered given at the end of nearly every chapter." - John Collins, News@UK, March 2003

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Preface	p. xiii
HTTP: The Web's Foundation
Overview of HTTP	p. 3
HTTP: The Internet's Multimedia Courier	p. 3
Web Clients and Servers	p. 4
Resources	p. 4
Transactions	p. 8
Messages	p. 10
Connections	p. 11
Protocol Versions	p. 16
Architectural Components of the Web	p. 17
The End of the Beginning	p. 21
For More Information	p. 21
URLs and Resources	p. 23
Navigating the Internet's Resources	p. 24
URL Syntax	p. 26
URL Shortcuts	p. 30
Shady Characters	p. 35
A Sea of Schemes	p. 38
The Future	p. 40
For More Information	p. 41
HTTP Messages	p. 43
The Flow of Messages	p. 43
The Parts of a Message	p. 44
Methods	p. 53
Status Codes	p. 59
Headers	p. 67
For More Information	p. 73
Connection Management	p. 74
TCP Connections	p. 74
TCP Performance Considerations	p. 80
HTTP Connection Handling	p. 86
Parallel Connections	p. 88
Persistent Connections	p. 90
Pipelined Connections	p. 99
The Mysteries of Connection Close	p. 101
For More Information	p. 104
HTTP Architecture
Web Servers	p. 109
Web Servers Come in All Shapes and Sizes	p. 109
A Minimal Perl Web Server	p. 111
What Real Web Servers Do	p. 113
Accepting Client Connections	p. 115
Receiving Request Messages	p. 116
Processing Requests	p. 120
Mapping and Accessing Resources	p. 120
Building Responses	p. 125
Sending Responses	p. 127
Logging	p. 127
For More Information	p. 127
Proxies	p. 129
Web Intermediaries	p. 129
Why Use Proxies?	p. 131
Where Do Proxies Go?	p. 137
Client Proxy Settings	p. 141
Tricky Things About Proxy Requests	p. 144
Tracing Messages	p. 150
Proxy Authentication	p. 156
Proxy Interoperation	p. 157
For More Information	p. 160
Caching	p. 161
Redundant Data Transfers	p. 161
Bandwidth Bottlenecks	p. 161
Flash Crowds	p. 163
Distance Delays	p. 163
Hits and Misses	p. 164
Cache Topologies	p. 168
Cache Processing Steps	p. 171
Keeping Copies Fresh	p. 175
Controlling Cachability	p. 182
Setting Cache Controls	p. 186
Detailed Algorithms	p. 187
Caches and Advertising	p. 194
For More Information	p. 196
Integration Points: Gateways, Tunnels, and Relays	p. 197
Gateways	p. 197
Protocol Gateways	p. 200
Resource Gateways	p. 203
Application Interfaces and Web Services	p. 205
Tunnels	p. 206
Relays	p. 212
For More Information	p. 213
Web Robots	p. 215
Crawlers and Crawling	p. 215
Robotic HTTP	p. 225
Misbehaving Robots	p. 228
Excluding Robots	p. 229
Robot Etiquette	p. 239
Search Engines	p. 242
For More Information	p. 246
HTTP-NG	p. 247
HTTP's Growing Pains	p. 247
HTTP-NG Activity	p. 248
Modularize and Enhance	p. 248
Distributed Objects	p. 249
Messaging	p. 250
Remote Invocation	p. 250
Web Application	p. 251
WebMUX	p. 251
Binary Wire Protocol	p. 252
Current Status	p. 252
For More Information	p. 253
Identification, Authorization, and Security
Client Identification and Cookies	p. 257
The Personal Touch	p. 257
HTTP Headers	p. 258
Client IP Address	p. 259
User Login	p. 260
Fat URLs	p. 262
Cookies	p. 263
For More Information	p. 276
Basic Authentication	p. 277
Authentication	p. 277
Basic Authentication	p. 281
The Security Flaws of Basic Authentication	p. 283
For More Information	p. 285
Digest Authentication	p. 286
The Improvements of Digest Authentication	p. 286
Digest Calculations	p. 291
Quality of Protection Enhancements	p. 299
Practical Considerations	p. 300
Security Considerations	p. 303
For More Information	p. 306
Secure HTTP	p. 307
Making HTTP Safe	p. 307
Digital Cryptography	p. 309
Symmetric-Key Cryptography	p. 313
Public-Key Cryptography	p. 315
Digital Signatures	p. 317
Digital Certificates	p. 319
HTTPS: The Details	p. 322
A Real HTTPS Client	p. 328
Tunneling Secure Traffic Through Proxies	p. 335
For More Information	p. 336
Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization
Entities and Encodings	p. 341
Messages Are Crates, Entities Are Cargo	p. 342
Content-Length: The Entity's Size	p. 344
Entity Digests	p. 347
Media Type and Charset	p. 348
Content Encoding	p. 351
Transfer Encoding and Chunked Encoding	p. 354
Time-Varying Instances	p. 359
Validators and Freshness	p. 360
Range Requests	p. 363
Delta Encoding	p. 365
For More Information	p. 369
Internationalization	p. 370
HTTP Support for International Content	p. 370
Character Sets and HTTP	p. 371
Multilingual Character Encoding Primer	p. 376
Language Tags and HTTP	p. 384
Internationalized URIs	p. 389
Other Considerations	p. 392
For More Information	p. 392
Content Negotiation and Transcoding	p. 395
Content-Negotiation Techniques	p. 395
Client-Driven Negotiation	p. 396
Server-Driven Negotiation	p. 397
Transparent Negotiation	p. 400
Transcoding	p. 403
Next Steps	p. 405
For More Information	p. 406
Content Publishing and Distribution
Web Hosting	p. 411
Hosting Services	p. 411
Virtual Hosting	p. 413
Making Web Sites Reliable	p. 419
Making Web Sites Fast	p. 422
For More Information	p. 423
Publishing Systems	p. 424
FrontPage Server Extensions for Publishing Support	p. 424
WebDAV and Collaborative Authoring	p. 429
For More Information	p. 446
Redirection and Load Balancing	p. 448
Why Redirect?	p. 449
Where to Redirect	p. 449
Overview of Redirection Protocols	p. 450
General Redirection Methods	p. 452
Proxy Redirection Methods	p. 462
Cache Redirection Methods	p. 469
Internet Cache Protocol	p. 473
Cache Array Routing Protocol	p. 475
Hyper Text Caching Protocol	p. 478
For More Information	p. 481
Logging and Usage Tracking	p. 483
What to Log?	p. 483
Log Formats	p. 484
Hit Metering	p. 492
A Word on Privacy	p. 495
For More Information	p. 495
Appendixes
URI Schemes	p. 499
HTTP Status Codes	p. 505
HTTP Header Reference	p. 508
MIME Types	p. 533
Base-64 Encoding	p. 570
Digest Authentication	p. 574
Language Tags	p. 581
MIME Charset Registry	p. 602
Index	p. 617
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

HTTP

Understanding Web Internals

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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