Preface | p. vii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Biometrics and Gait | p. 1 |
Contexts | p. 2 |
Immigration and Homeland Security | p. 2 |
Surveillance | p. 2 |
Human ID at a Distance (HiD) Program | p. 3 |
Book Structure | p. 3 |
Subjects Allied to Gait | p. 5 |
Overview | p. 5 |
Literature | p. 5 |
Medicine and Biomechanics | p. 6 |
Basic Gait Analysis | p. 6 |
Variation in Gait Covariate Factors | p. 10 |
Psychology | p. 12 |
Computer Vision-Based Human Motion Analysis | p. 13 |
Other Subjects Allied to Gait | p. 15 |
Gait Databases | p. 17 |
Early Databases | p. 17 |
UCSD Gait Data | p. 17 |
Early Soton Gait Data | p. 18 |
Current Databases | p. 20 |
Overall Design Considerations | p. 20 |
NIST/USF Database | p. 21 |
Soton Database | p. 22 |
Overview | p. 22 |
Laboratory Layout | p. 24 |
Outdoor Data Design Issues | p. 27 |
Acquisition Set-up Procedure | p. 29 |
Filming Issues | p. 29 |
Recording Procedure | p. 30 |
Ancillary Data | p. 31 |
CASIA Database | p. 32 |
UMD Database | p. 33 |
Early Recognition Approaches | p. 35 |
Initial Objectives and Constraints | p. 35 |
Silhouette Based | p. 35 |
Model Based | p. 39 |
Silhouette-Based Approaches | p. 45 |
Overview | p. 45 |
Extending Shape Description to Moving Shapes | p. 48 |
Area Masks | p. 49 |
Gait Symmetry | p. 51 |
Velocity Moments | p. 53 |
Results | p. 54 |
Recognition by Area Masks | p. 55 |
Recognition by Symmetry | p. 58 |
Recognition by Velocity Moments | p. 61 |
Potency of Measurements of Silhouette | p. 63 |
Procrustes and Spatiotemporal Silhouette Analysis | p. 65 |
Automatic Gait Recognition Based on Procrustes Shape Analysis | p. 65 |
Silhouette Detection and Representation for Procrustes Analysis | p. 66 |
Silhouette Extraction | p. 66 |
Representation of Silhouette Shapes | p. 68 |
Procrustes Gait Feature Extraction and Classification | p. 69 |
Procrustes Shape Analysis | p. 69 |
Gait Signature Extraction | p. 69 |
Similarity Measure and Classifier | p. 70 |
Spatiotemporal Silhouette Analysis Based Gait Recognition | p. 70 |
Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction | p. 72 |
Feature Extraction and Classification | p. 73 |
Experimental Results and Analysis | p. 77 |
Procrustes Shape Analysis | p. 77 |
Spatiotemporal Silhouette Analysis | p. 82 |
Modeling, Matching, Shape and Kinematics | p. 89 |
HMM Based Gait Recognition | p. 89 |
Gait Recognition Framework | p. 90 |
Direct Approach | p. 91 |
Indirect Approach | p. 93 |
DTW Based Gait Recognition | p. 94 |
Gait Recognition Framework | p. 96 |
Shape and Kinematics | p. 97 |
Shape Analysis | p. 97 |
Dynamical Models | p. 98 |
Results | p. 100 |
HMM Based Gait Recognition | p. 100 |
DTW Based Gait Recognition | p. 102 |
Shape and Kinematics | p. 104 |
Model-Based Approaches | p. 107 |
Overview | p. 107 |
Planar Human Modeling | p. 109 |
Modeling Walking and Running | p. 109 |
Model-Based Extraction and Description | p. 111 |
Kinematics-based People Tracking and Recognition in 3D Space | p. 114 |
Model-based People Tracking using Condensation | p. 114 |
Human Body Model | p. 115 |
Learning Motion Model and Motion Constraints | p. 117 |
Experiments and Discussions | p. 125 |
Other Approaches | p. 131 |
Structure by Body Parameters | p. 132 |
Structural Model-based Recognition | p. 132 |
Further Gait Developments | p. 135 |
View Invariant Gait Recognition | p. 135 |
Overview of the Algorithm | p. 136 |
Optical flow based SfM approach | p. 137 |
Homography based approach | p. 138 |
Experimental Results | p. 138 |
Gait Biometric Fusion | p. 141 |
Fusion of Static and Dynamic Body Biometrics for Gait Recognition | p. 144 |
Overview of Approach | p. 144 |
Classifiers and Fusion Rules | p. 145 |
Experimental Results and Analysis | p. 146 |
Future Challenges | p. 151 |
References | p. 157 |
Literature | p. 157 |
Medicine and Biomechanics | p. 157 |
Covariate factors | p. 158 |
Psychology | p. 159 |
Computer Vision-Based Analysis of Human Motion | p. 160 |
Databases | p. 161 |
Early work | p. 162 |
Current approaches | p. 163 |
Further Analysis | p. 166 |
Other Related Work | p. 169 |
General | p. 169 |
Appendices | p. 171 |
Southampton Data Acquisition Forms | p. 171 |
Laboratory Set-up Forms | p. 171 |
Camera Set-up Forms | p. 175 |
Session Coordinator's Instructions | p. 180 |
Subject Information Form | p. 182 |
Index | p. 185 |
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