Preface | p. vii |
The Importance of Protein Dynamics | p. 1 |
Protein Structure and the Concept of Protein Turnover | p. 1 |
Rapid Turnover of Proteins Facilitates Rapid Changes in Protein Concentrations | p. 4 |
Protein Turnover Is Necessary to Maintain Protein Quality | p. 8 |
Appendix | p. 9 |
Basic Mechanisms of Protein Turnover | p. 11 |
Protein Degradation | p. 11 |
Disposal of Amino Acids Generated by Proteolysis | p. 17 |
Protein Synthesis | p. 18 |
Posttranslational Modifications | p. 25 |
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis | p. 27 |
Potential Sites of Regulation of Protein Turnover | p. 27 |
Methods for Studying Protein Metabolism in Humans | p. 29 |
Measuring Changes in Protein Mass of the Body | p. 29 |
Whole-Body Protein Turnover | p. 30 |
Whole-Body Protein Oxidation | p. 48 |
Protein Metabolism in Specific Organs or Limbs | p. 50 |
Incorporation of Tracer into Tissue Proteins or Specific Proteins | p. 56 |
Polyribosome Abundance as a Measure of Protein Synthesis | p. 67 |
3-Methylhistidine Excretion as a Measure of Myofibrillar Proteolysis | p. 68 |
Markers of Collagen Metabolism | p. 69 |
Radioiodinated Protein Administration to Measure Protein Half-Life | p. 70 |
Analytical Methods | p. 70 |
Normative Data from Infancy to Old Age | p. 72 |
Whole-Body N Balance | p. 72 |
Protein Oxidation | p. 73 |
Whole-Body Protein Turnover | p. 74 |
Protein Turnover in Organs and Tissues | p. 76 |
Turnover of Specific Proteins | p. 85 |
Nutritional Influences | p. 91 |
Acute Responses to Meals | p. 91 |
Starvation | p. 101 |
Very-Low-Energy Diets | p. 103 |
Malnutrition | p. 105 |
High Energy Intake | p. 115 |
High Protein Intake | p. 118 |
Summary of Effects of Energy and Protein on Whole-Body Protein Metabolism | p. 121 |
Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation | p. 124 |
Insulin | p. 125 |
Growth Hormone | p. 138 |
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) | p. 143 |
Other Growth Factors | p. 146 |
Androgens | p. 147 |
Ovarian Steroids | p. 149 |
Epinephrine | p. 151 |
Cortisol | p. 152 |
Thyroid Hormones | p. 154 |
Glucagon | p. 157 |
Cytokines | p. 158 |
Prostaglandins | p. 160 |
Regulation by Metabolic Substrates | p. 161 |
Amino Acids | p. 161 |
Glucose and Its Metabolites | p. 172 |
Triglycerides, Fatty Acids, and Ketone Bodies | p. 173 |
Summary | p. 176 |
Physical Activity | p. 177 |
Effect of Inactivity on Protein Metabolism | p. 178 |
Effect of Increased Physical Activity on Protein Metabolism | p. 181 |
Topics of Clinical Interest | p. 196 |
Acidosis | p. 196 |
Alcoholism | p. 197 |
Arthritis | p. 198 |
Cancer | p. 199 |
Cirrhosis | p. 204 |
Diabetes | p. 207 |
Glucocorticoid Therapy | p. 208 |
Heart Disease | p. 210 |
HIV Infection and AIDS | p. 211 |
Infection | p. 212 |
Muscular Dystrophies | p. 214 |
Obesity | p. 217 |
Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition | p. 218 |
Pregnancy and Lactation | p. 219 |
Renal Failure | p. 222 |
Tissue Injury (Trauma, Surgery, Burns) | p. 224 |
References | p. 228 |
Index | p. 283 |
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