| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Background | p. 1 |
| Human Error in Transportation Systems Related Facts and Figures | p. 1 |
| Terms And Definitions | p. 3 |
| Useful Information on Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems | p. 4 |
| Journals | p. 4 |
| Conference Proceedings | p. 5 |
| Books | p. 5 |
| Technical Reports | p. 6 |
| Organizations | p. 7 |
| Data Sources | p. 8 |
| Scope of the Book | p. 8 |
| Problems | p. 9 |
| References | p. 10 |
| Human Reliability and Error Basic Mathematical Concepts | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Sets, Boolean Algebra Laws, Probability Definition, and Probability Properties | p. 13 |
| Useful Mathematical Definitions | p. 16 |
| Cumulative Distribution Function Type I | p. 16 |
| Probability Density Function Type 1 | p. 17 |
| Cumulative Distribution Function Type II | p. 17 |
| Probability Density Function Type II | p. 17 |
| Expected Value Type 1 | p. 17 |
| Expected Value Type II | p. 18 |
| Laplace Transform | p. 18 |
| Laplace Transform: Final-value Theorem | p. 19 |
| Solving First-order Differential Equations with Laplace Transforms | p. 19 |
| Probability Distributions | p. 20 |
| Binomial Distribution | p. 20 |
| Poisson Distribution | p. 21 |
| Exponential Distribution | p. 22 |
| Rayleigh Distribution | p. 23 |
| Weibull Distribution | p. 23 |
| Gamma Distribution | p. 24 |
| Log-normal Distribution | p. 25 |
| Normal Distribution | p. 25 |
| Problems | p. 26 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Introductory Human Factors | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Human Factors Objectives, Disciplines Contributing to Human Factors, and Human and Machine Characteristics | p. 30 |
| General Human Behaviors and Human Sensory Capabilities | p. 31 |
| Useful Human Factors-related Formulas | p. 34 |
| Formula I: Rest Period Estimation | p. 34 |
| Formula II: Maximum Safe Car Speed Estimation | p. 35 |
| Formula III: Inspector Performance Estimation | p. 35 |
| Formula IV: Character Height Estimation | p. 35 |
| Formula V: Brightness Contrast Estimation | p. 36 |
| Formula VI: Glare Constant Estimation | p. 37 |
| Human Factors Considerations in the System Design and Their Advantages | p. 37 |
| Human Factors Data Collection Sources, Data Documents, and Selective Data | p. 38 |
| Useful Human Factors Guidelines for System Design | p. 39 |
| Problems | p. 40 |
| References | p. 41 |
| Basic Human Reliability and Error Concepts | p. 43 |
| Introduction | p. 43 |
| Occupational Stressors and Human Performance Effectiveness | p. 44 |
| Human Error Occurrence Reasons, Ways, and Consequences | p. 45 |
| Human Error Classifications | p. 46 |
| Human Performance Reliability Function | p. 47 |
| Experimental Justification for Some Time to Human Error Statistical Distributions | p. 48 |
| Mean Time to Human Error | p. 49 |
| Human Reliability and Error Analysis Methods | p. 50 |
| Personnel Reliability Index Method | p. 50 |
| Man-Machine Systems Analysis | p. 51 |
| Cause and Effect Diagram (CAED) | p. 52 |
| Error-cause Removal Program (ECRP) | p. 52 |
| Problems | p. 53 |
| References | p. 54 |
| Methods for Performing Human Reliability and Error Analysis in Transportation Systems | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Probability Tree Method | p. 57 |
| Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA) | p. 60 |
| Steps for Performing FMEA | p. 60 |
| FMEA Benefits | p. 62 |
| Technics of Operation Review (TOR) | p. 62 |
| The Throughput Ratio Method | p. 63 |
| Fault Tree Analysis | p. 64 |
| Fault Tree Symbols | p. 64 |
| Steps for Performing Fault Tree Analysis | p. 65 |
| Probability Evaluation of Fault Trees | p. 66 |
| Pareto Analysis | p. 67 |
| Pontecorvo Method | p. 68 |
| Markov Method | p. 69 |
| Block Diagram Method | p. 72 |
| Problems | p. 74 |
| References | p. 75 |
| Human Error in Railways | p. 77 |
| Introduction | p. 77 |
| Facts, Figures, and Examples | p. 77 |
| Railway Personnel Error-prone Tasks and Typical Human Error Occurrence Areas in Railway Operation | p. 78 |
| Signal Passing | p. 78 |
| Train Speed | p. 80 |
| Signalling or Dispatching | p. 80 |
| Important Error Contributing Factors in Railways | p. 80 |
| Human Error Analysis Methods | p. 81 |
| Cause and Effect Diagram | p. 82 |
| Fault Tree Analysis | p. 83 |
| Analysis of Railway Accidents Due to Human Error | p. 86 |
| The Ladbroke Grove Accident | p. 86 |
| The Purley Accident | p. 87 |
| The Southall Accident | p. 87 |
| The Clapham Junction Accident | p. 87 |
| A Useful Checklist of Statements for Reducing the Occurrence of Human Error in Railways | p. 88 |
| Problems | p. 89 |
| References | p. 89 |
| Human Error in Shipping | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| Facts, Figures, and Examples | p. 91 |
| Human Factors Issues Facing the Marine Industry | p. 92 |
| Risk Analysis Methods for Application in Marine Systems | p. 94 |
| Fault Tree Analysis of Oil Tanker Groundings | p. 96 |
| Safety Management Assessment System to Identify and Evaluate Human and Organizational Factors in Marine Systems | p. 99 |
| Reducing the Manning Impact on Shipping System Reliability | p. 100 |
| Problems | p. 101 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Human Error in Road Transportation Systems | p. 105 |
| Introduction | p. 105 |
| Facts and Figures | p. 105 |
| Operational Influences on Commercial Driver Performance | p. 106 |
| Types of Driver Errors, Ranking of Driver Errors, and Common Driver Errors | p. 106 |
| Methods for Performing Human Error Analysis in Road Transportation Systems | p. 109 |
| Fault Tree Analysis | p. 109 |
| Markov Method | p. 112 |
| Bus Accidents and Driver Error in Developing Countries | p. 114 |
| Problems | p. 115 |
| References | p. 116 |
| Human Error in Aviation | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Facts, Figures, and Examples | p. 117 |
| Organizational Factors in Commercial Aviation Accidents with Respect to Pilot Error | p. 118 |
| Factors Contributing to Flight Crew Decision Errors | p. 119 |
| Fatigue in Long-haul Operations | p. 120 |
| Reasons for Retaining Air Traffic Controllers, Effects of Automation on Controllers, and Factors for Controller-caused Airspace Incidents | p. 121 |
| Types of Pilot-Controller Communication Errors and Recommendations to Reduce Communication Errors | p. 123 |
| Methods for Performing Human Error Analysis in Aviation | p. 124 |
| Fault Tree Analysis | p. 125 |
| Examples and Study of Actual Airline Accidents due to Human Error | p. 127 |
| Accident Prevention Strategies | p. 128 |
| Problems | p. 128 |
| References | p. 129 |
| Human Error in Aircraft Maintenance | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| Facts, Figures and Examples | p. 131 |
| Reasons for the Occurrence of Human Error in Maintenance | p. 132 |
| Major Categories of Human Errors in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection Tasks, Classification of Human Error in Aircraft Maintenance and Their Occurrence Frequency, and Common Errors in Aircraft Maintenance | p. 133 |
| Methods for Performing Human Error Analysis in Aircraft Maintenance | p. 135 |
| Fault Tree Analysis | p. 135 |
| Markov Method | p. 138 |
| Case Studies of Human Error in Aviation Maintenance | p. 140 |
| British Airways BAC 1-11 Aircraft Accident | p. 141 |
| Continental Express Embraer Brasilia Accident | p. 141 |
| Useful Guidelines to Reduce Human Error in Aircraft Maintenance | p. 141 |
| Problems | p. 143 |
| References | p. 143 |
| Mathematical Models for Predicting Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 145 |
| Models for Predicting Human Performance Reliability and Correctability Probability in Transportation Systems | p. 145 |
| Model 1 | p. 146 |
| Model II | p. 147 |
| Models for Predicting Human Performance Reliability Subject to Critical and Noncritical Human Errors, and Fluctuating Environment in Transportation Systems | p. 149 |
| Model 1 | p. 149 |
| Model II | p. 152 |
| Models for Performing Human Error Analysis in Transportation Systems | p. 155 |
| Model I | p. 155 |
| Model II | p. 158 |
| Model III | p. 160 |
| Problems | p. 164 |
| References | p. 164 |
| Appendix | p. 165 |
| Bibliography: Literature on Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Publications | p. 165 |
| Author Biography | p. 177 |
| Index | p. 179 |
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