Hybrid Fiber-Optic Coaxial Networks
How to Design, Build, and Implement an Enterprise-Wide Broadband HFC Network
By: Ernest Tunmann
Paperback | 1 January 1995 | Edition Number 1
At a Glance
328 Pages
27.94 x 20.96 x 1.75
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This book covers the planning, design and implementation of hybrid fiber-optic coaxial (HFC) broadband networks. Hybrid fiber-optic coaxial has become the platform of choice for distribution of video, voice and data. They provide the highest bi-directional capacity at the lowest capital investment.
Video Network Architectures | p. 1 |
The Enterprise Environment | p. 1 |
Voice Transmission in Enterprise Networks | p. 2 |
Data Transmission in Enterprise Networks | p. 3 |
Video Transmission in Enterprise Networks | p. 4 |
Gateway Considerations | p. 4 |
The Comparison Model | p. 5 |
The Fiber-Optic Delivery System | p. 5 |
Cost Considerations | p. 6 |
Technical Considerations | p. 8 |
Summary | p. 8 |
The Hybrid Fiber-optic Delivery System (HFC) | p. 9 |
Cost Considerations | p. 11 |
Technical Considerations | p. 12 |
Summary | p. 12 |
The Coaxial Delivery System | p. 13 |
Cost Considerations | p. 13 |
Technical Considerations | p. 14 |
Summary | p. 14 |
Recommendations for Single Buildings | p. 17 |
Building Sizes | p. 17 |
Number of Floors | p. 17 |
Number of Outlets | p. 18 |
Number of Outlets per Floor | p. 18 |
Location of the Riser | p. 18 |
Length of Service Drops | p. 19 |
Number of Amplifiers | p. 19 |
Maximum Amplifier Cascade | p. 19 |
Examples of Single Building served by Broadband Coaxial Cable | p. 19 |
Recommendations for Multiple Buildings | p. 20 |
Fiber to all Buildings | p. 24 |
Fiber to Buildings with 2 Amplifiers-Coaxial Service to Buildings with 1 Amplifier | p. 25 |
Fiber plus 1 Trunk Spacing to Buildings with 2 Amplifiers and 2 Trunk Spacings to Buildings with 1 Amplifier | p. 26 |
Fiber to Selective Node Locations, 2 Trunk Spacings and 2 Building Amplifiers for Coaxial Cable Service | p. 27 |
Network Design Groundrules | p. 28 |
Spectrum Utilization | p. 29 |
The Capacity of a Broadband Coaxial Cable | p. 29 |
The Sub-split System | p. 30 |
Sub-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations | p. 31 |
The 5 to 30 MHz Spectrum | p. 31 |
The 30 to 54 MHz Spectrum | p. 31 |
The 54 to 88 MHz Spectrum | p. 31 |
The 88 to 108 MHz Spectrum | p. 31 |
The 108 to 120 MHz Spectrum | p. 32 |
The 120 to 750 MHz Spectrum | p. 32 |
Two way Transmission | p. 32 |
Conclusions | p. 32 |
The Mid-split System | p. 33 |
Mid-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations | p. 33 |
The 5 to 112 MHz Spectrum | p. 33 |
The 112 to 150 MHz Spectrum | p. 35 |
The 150 to 750 MHz Spectrum | p. 35 |
Two-way Transmission | p. 35 |
Conclusions | p. 37 |
The High-split System | p. 37 |
High-split Spectrum Utilization Considerations | p. 38 |
The 5 to 186 MHz Spectrum | p. 38 |
The 186 to 222 MHz Spectrum | p. 38 |
The 222 to 750 MHz Spectrum | p. 38 |
The Dual-Cable System | p. 39 |
Other Spectrum Utilization Approaches | p. 41 |
Analog and Digital Video Transmission | p. 43 |
The Video Universe | p. 43 |
Broadcast Television | p. 43 |
Cable Television | p. 44 |
Wireless TV distribution Systems | p. 46 |
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) | p. 46 |
Cellular Television | p. 47 |
Direct Broadcast Satellite Service(DBS) | p. 48 |
Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) | p. 49 |
Instructional Two-way Television | p. 49 |
Video Teleconferencing | p. 50 |
Corporate Teleconferencing | p. 50 |
Distance Learning | p. 51 |
Telemedicine | p. 51 |
Desktop Videoconferencing | p. 52 |
The NTSC Analog Video Transmission Standard | p. 53 |
Disadvantages of NTSC analog Video | p. 53 |
The Interference Potential | p. 53 |
Regional Standardization | p. 54 |
The Many Advantages of Analog Video | p. 54 |
The New Digital Video Standards | p. 55 |
MPEG-2 Broadcast Quality Television | p. 55 |
The MPEG-2 Compression Standard | p. 56 |
The MPEG-2 Transmission Standard | p. 57 |
The Advantages of MPEG-2 Transmission | p. 59 |
The Disadvantages of MPEG-2 Transmission | p. 59 |
Advanced Television (ATV) or High-Definition Television (HDTV) | p. 59 |
The MPEG-1 Standard | p. 60 |
Desktop Video Standards | p. 61 |
Reflections | p. 62 |
Present and Future Public Network Long-Distance Standards | p. 65 |
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network and Switched 56 Kbit/s | p. 65 |
T-1 Networking | p. 66 |
T-1C Networking | p. 68 |
The Digital Transmission Hierarchy | p. 68 |
US or North American Formats | p. 69 |
International Formats | p. 69 |
Global Standards | p. 69 |
Video Transmission | p. 70 |
HFC Transmission | p. 70 |
The DS-3/T-3 Standard | p. 71 |
SONET and ATM Switching | p. 71 |
Framing | p. 71 |
The Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) | p. 72 |
SONET Payloads and Overheads | p. 73 |
ATM Switching | p. 74 |
The SONET Ring Architecture | p. 76 |
MPEG-2 on ATM | p. 78 |
Reflections | p. 79 |
The Gateway and Operations Center | p. 81 |
The Control Center for Intra-Enterprise Traffic | p. 82 |
The Functions of the Control Center | p. 82 |
Off-air Satellite Reception | p. 84 |
Automation | p. 86 |
Recording of Programs | p. 86 |
Storage of Video Programs | p. 87 |
Channel Assignment | p. 88 |
Editing and Authoring | p. 88 |
Program Origination and Scheduled Programming | p. 89 |
Video Retrieval and Video-on-Demand | p. 89 |
The Interactive Classroom | p. 90 |
Voice and Data Traffic | p. 92 |
Desktop Videoconferencing | p. 92 |
Network Management | p. 93 |
The Gateway to the Outside World | p. 93 |
The Functions of the Gateway | p. 93 |
Distributed Distance Learning | p. 94 |
Distributed Telemedicine | p. 96 |
Desktop Videoconferencing | p. 96 |
Telephony and Data | p. 97 |
Personal Communications Service (PCS) | p. 97 |
The HFC Broadband Network Components and Performance | p. 99 |
HFC Network Architectures | p. 99 |
The Fiber Star and Coaxial Tree-and-Branch | p. 99 |
The Fiber Ring and Coaxial Tree-and-Branch | p. 102 |
Similarities of Fiber-optic and Coaxial Cables | p. 103 |
The Spectrum Capacity | p. 103 |
Amplitude RF Modulation | p. 104 |
Analog and Digital Transmission | p. 104 |
The Differences between Fiber-optic and Coaxial Cables | p. 105 |
The Attenuation Difference | p. 105 |
The Distribution Difference | p. 105 |
The Power-Carrying Capacity Difference | p. 106 |
Optimizing the HFC Network | p. 106 |
Optimizing the Reliability | p. 107 |
The Reliability of the Enterprise HFC Network | p. 108 |
Optimizing the Quality of Performance | p. 108 |
Outlet Levels | p. 108 |
The Carrier-to-Noise Ratio | p. 109 |
The FO Transmitter C/N | p. 109 |
The Fiber Cable C/N | p. 109 |
The FO Receiver C/N | p. 110 |
The Broadband Amplifier C/N | p. 110 |
The System C/N | p. 111 |
The Composite Triple Beat | p. 112 |
The Fiber-optic Segment | p. 113 |
The Coaxial Segment | p. 114 |
Conclusions | p. 115 |
Planning the HFC Network | p. 117 |
Inside-Plant Considerations | p. 117 |
The Operations Center | p. 117 |
Finding the Location | p. 118 |
Equipment, Power and Space Considerations | p. 119 |
Inside-Plant Data Collection | p. 120 |
Building-Entry Locations | p. 121 |
MDF Mounting Considerations | p. 122 |
IDF Mounting Considerations | p. 123 |
Locating the Broadband Outlets | p. 124 |
The 150 ft. Service Drop | p. 127 |
Riser Cable Considerations | p. 128 |
Outside-Plant Data Collection | p. 129 |
Aerial Plant Data | p. 129 |
Make-Ready Considerations | p. 129 |
UG Conduit Data Collection | p. 130 |
Manhole Locations and Sizes | p. 131 |
Conduit Availability and Space Requirements | p. 131 |
Cable Construction in Steam Tunnels | p. 133 |
New Conduit Construction | p. 133 |
The Design Information Checklist | p. 135 |
In-Building Information | p. 135 |
Buildings, Floors, Rooms and Outlets | p. 137 |
Supplementary Building Data | p. 141 |
Outside-Plant Information | p. 142 |
Aerial Pole Line Data | p. 144 |
New Conduit Construction | p. 144 |
Existing Conduit Data | p. 145 |
The HFC Criteria | p. 146 |
HFC Alternatives | p. 147 |
Fiber to all Buildings | p. 147 |
The Optimized HFC System | p. 148 |
The HFC Network Components | p. 151 |
Fiber-optic Cable and Equipment | p. 152 |
Single-mode Fiber-optic Cables | p. 152 |
Common Specifications | p. 152 |
The Loose Tube Cable | p. 153 |
The Tight Buffer Cable | p. 154 |
The Breakout Cable | p. 155 |
Fiber-optic Termination Equipment | p. 155 |
Distribution and Storage Panels | p. 155 |
Single-mode Patch Cords | p. 156 |
Single-mode Fiber Connectors and Access | p. 156 |
Fiber-optic Transmission Equipment | p. 157 |
Single-channel Transmitters | p. 157 |
Multichannel Transmitters | p. 157 |
Multichannel Receivers | p. 159 |
Fault Alarm and Telemetry | p. 159 |
Coaxial Cable and Equipment | p. 160 |
Coaxial Cables | p. 160 |
Outside-Plant Cables | p. 160 |
Standard Dielectric Cables | p. 160 |
Special Dielectric Cables | p. 162 |
Inside-Plant Cables | p. 163 |
Riser-rated Distribution Cables | p. 164 |
Plenum-rated Distribution Cables | p. 165 |
Service Drop Cables | p. 166 |
Broadband Amplifiers | p. 168 |
Trunk Amplifiers | p. 168 |
Distribution Amplifiers | p. 169 |
Passive Components | p. 170 |
Splitters, Directional Couplers | p. 171 |
Power Inserter Specifications | p. 172 |
Multitaps | p. 172 |
4-port Multitaps | p. 173 |
8-port Multitaps | p. 174 |
Coaxial-Cable Connectors | p. 175 |
Housing Connectors | p. 175 |
Housing-to-Housing Connectors | p. 176 |
Housing Terminators | p. 176 |
Service Drop Connectors | p. 176 |
F-Terminations | p. 176 |
Power Supplies for Coaxial Cables | p. 177 |
HFC Access Equipment | p. 177 |
RF Modulators | p. 177 |
RF Demodulators | p. 179 |
Matrix Switching Equipment | p. 180 |
The HFC Broadband Network Design Process - Inside-Plant Design | p. 183 |
Inside-Plant Design - From Service Drop to Building-Entry Locations | p. 184 |
Designing the Service Drop | p. 185 |
Outlet Levels | p. 185 |
Cable Selection | p. 186 |
The Shielding Properties | p. 186 |
The Attenuation Properties | p. 187 |
The Handling Properties and Costs | p. 188 |
The 150 ft. Limitation | p. 189 |
Forward Level Calculations | p. 190 |
Forward Calculation Summary | p. 192 |
Return Level Calculations | p. 192 |
Return Level Summary | p. 194 |
Designing the Riser Distribution Network | p. 195 |
The Building-Entry Loaction or the Single-Building Headend | p. 195 |
Cable Selection | p. 196 |
The Attenuation Properties | p. 197 |
The Selection of Amplifiers | p. 198 |
The Selection of Passives and Multitaps | p. 199 |
The Mechanical Properties | p. 199 |
The Electrical Properties | p. 200 |
The Riser Design Process for Transmission in the Forward Direction | p. 203 |
The Design of the Building No. 158 Riser Network | p. 203 |
Redesign of the Building No. 158 Riser Network | p. 209 |
The Design of a High-Rise Building | p. 211 |
The Trial Design | p. 213 |
Service to other Floors | p. 213 |
The Symmetrical Riser Design | p. 215 |
The Forward Transmission Design of a Large Horizontal Building | p. 217 |
The Riser Design Process for Transmissions in the Return Direction | p. 219 |
Return Transmission in Building #158 | p. 219 |
Building #158 - Return Transmission Summary | p. 222 |
Return Transmission in the High-Rise Building | p. 223 |
Return Transmission in the Large Horizontal Building | p. 227 |
The Design Documentation | p. 227 |
The HFC Broadband Network Design Process - Outside-Plant Design | p. 231 |
The Hypothetical Campus Layout | p. 231 |
Optimizing the HFC System | p. 232 |
Optimizing the Hypothetical Campus HFC System | p. 232 |
Summary of Trade-off Considerations | p. 233 |
The Broadband Coaxial Outside-Plant Segments | p. 235 |
The Forward Transmission Design | p. 235 |
Cable Selection | p. 235 |
Amplifier Selection | p. 236 |
Forward Level Calculations (Area 1) | p. 238 |
Forward Level Calculations (Area 2) | p. 241 |
Forward Level Calculations (Area 3) | p. 243 |
The Return Transmission Design | p. 246 |
Return Level Calculations (Area 1) | p. 246 |
Return Level Calculations (Area 2) | p. 247 |
Return Level Calculations (Area 3) | p. 248 |
Outside-Plant Design Documentation | p. 249 |
The Fiber-optic Outside-Plant Segments | p. 250 |
Fiber-optic Transmission Considerations | p. 250 |
Directivity | p. 250 |
Measurement Units | p. 250 |
Modulation Methods and RF Transmission | p. 250 |
Analog vs. Digital Transmission | p. 250 |
Baseband Transmission | p. 251 |
Wavelength and Attenuation | p. 251 |
Star, Tree and Ring | p. 251 |
The Forward Transmission Design | p. 253 |
Cable Selection | p. 253 |
Cable Routing Options | p. 254 |
The Transmission Equipment | p. 255 |
The Transmitter | p. 255 |
The Link Budget | p. 256 |
Optical Couplers | p. 256 |
Receivers | p. 257 |
Forward Transmission Calculations | p. 258 |
The Trial Design | p. 258 |
Final Design | p. 259 |
The Return Transmission Design | p. 260 |
Transmission Equipment | p. 260 |
Return Transmission Calculations | p. 261 |
Alternative Return Transmission Architectures and Cost Budgets | p. 261 |
Alternative 1 - The Fiber-optic Return in a Star Topology | p. 261 |
Alternative 2 - The Coaxial Return in a Tree-and-Branch Topology | p. 263 |
Alternative 3 - The Fiber-optic Return in a bi-directional Ring Topology | p. 265 |
Conclusions | p. 267 |
HFC Installation Considerations | p. 269 |
Planning for the Installation | p. 270 |
Existing Plant Inventory | p. 271 |
The Universal Wiring Plan | p. 271 |
Installation Standards of the HFC Network | p. 272 |
New UG Duct Installation | p. 272 |
Installation in Steam Tunnels and Buildings | p. 273 |
Cable Installation in UG Ducts | p. 273 |
Equipment Mounting and Cable Splicing | p. 274 |
Installation in Risers | p. 276 |
The Installation of Service Drops | p. 276 |
Installation using Wire Trays | p. 276 |
Over-the-Ceiling Installation | p. 277 |
Installation in Molding | p. 277 |
Service Drop Termonations at the IDF | p. 277 |
Universal Outlets | p. 277 |
Cable Marking | p. 278 |
Finalizing the Installation Plan | p. 278 |
Outside-Plant Routing | p. 278 |
Inside-Plant Routing | p. 279 |
Acceptance-Testing and Documentation | p. 281 |
Admission Tests | p. 282 |
Cable Reel Testing | p. 282 |
Fiber-optic Cable OTDR Admission Test | p. 282 |
Coaxial Cable TDR Admission Test | p. 282 |
Passive Equipment | p. 282 |
Amplifier Burn-in | p. 283 |
Fiber-optic Transceivers | p. 283 |
Functional Testing | p. 283 |
Fiber-optic Cable OTDR Testing | p. 283 |
Coaxial Cable TDR Testing | p. 284 |
Physical Inspection | p. 284 |
Activation and Sweep-Testing in the Forward Direction | p. 284 |
Activation and Sweep-Testing in the Return Direction | p. 285 |
Outlet Level Testing | p. 286 |
Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI) Testing | p. 286 |
Acceptance-Testing | p. 287 |
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N) | p. 287 |
The Hum Component | p. 288 |
Loop Testing | p. 288 |
Operational Tests | p. 289 |
Documentation | p. 289 |
Installation Documentation | p. 290 |
Test Documentation | p. 290 |
Miscellaneous Documentation | p. 291 |
Contract Data Delivery | p. 291 |
The HFC Proposal Specifications | p. 293 |
Qualifying the Bidder | p. 294 |
Scope of Work | p. 294 |
System Description | p. 294 |
Responsibilities of the Contractor | p. 295 |
The Project Timetable | p. 296 |
Bid Response Requirements | p. 297 |
Owner-Provided Activities | p. 298 |
Provision for 110 Vac Power | p. 298 |
Storage and Office Space | p. 298 |
Access | p. 298 |
Project Management Requirements | p. 299 |
Technical Specifications | p. 300 |
Hardware and Equipment | p. 300 |
Software | p. 300 |
Installation Specifications | p. 301 |
Acceptance-Test Specifications | p. 301 |
Documentation Requirements | p. 302 |
Thoughts in Closing | p. 303 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780936648699
ISBN-10: 0936648694
Published: 1st January 1995
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 328
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd
Country of Publication: GB
Edition Number: 1
Dimensions (cm): 27.94 x 20.96 x 1.75
Weight (kg): 0.77
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