| Preface | |
| Resolving the Imagery Debates | |
| The Imagery Debates | |
| Alternative Mental Representations | |
| Methodological Problems? | |
| Beyond Behavioral Results | |
| Resolving The Imagery Debates | |
| Plan of the Book | |
| Carving a System at Its Joints | |
| Processing Subsystems | |
| Weak Modularity | |
| Penetrability | |
| Functional Interdependence | |
| Incremental Transitions | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Overlapping Implementation | |
| Interactions among Subsystems | |
| Concurrent Processing | |
| Cooperative Computation | |
| Formulating Theories of Processing Subsystems | |
| Marr's Method Reconsidered | |
| The Cognitive Neuroscience Triangle | |
| Methodological Considerations | |
| Response Times and Error Rates | |
| Major Strengths | |
| Major Weaknesses | |
| Divided-Visual-Field Studies | |
| Major Strengths | |
| Major Weaknesses | |
| Deficits Following Brain Damage | |
| Major Strengths | |
| Major Weaknesses | |
| Brain Activation | |
| EEG, ERP, and MEG | |
| 133Xe rCBF and SPECT | |
| PET | |
| fMRI | |
| Major General Strengths | |
| Major General Weaknesses | |
| Animal Brain Lesions | |
| Major Strengths | |
| Major Weaknesses | |
| Animal Single-Cell Recording Studies | |
| Major Strengths | |
| Major Weaknesses | |
| The Necessity of Converging Evidence | |
| Conclusions | |
| High-level Vision | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| Behavioral Findings | |
| Neuropsychological Results | |
| The Problem of Object Identification: Five Classes of Abilities | |
| Different Locations and Distances (Visual Angles) | |
| Shape Variations | |
| Impoverished Input | |
| Specific Instances | |
| Objects and Scenes | |
| Starting Small: The Role of a Protomodel | |
| Basic Neuroanatomical Constraints | |
| Seven Subsystems | |
| The Protomodel in Visual Object Identification | |
| The Visual Buffer | |
| The Attention Window | |
| The Ventral System | |
| The Dorsal System | |
| Associative Memory | |
| Information Lookup | |
| Attention Shifting | |
| The Protomodel in Visual Mental Imagery | |
| Conclusions | |
| Identifying Objects in Different Locations | |
| Identifying Objects in Different Positions in the Visual Field | |
| Is the Division of Labor Computationally Efficient? | |
| How Mapping Was Achieved: Receptive and Projective Fields | |
| Conclusions from the Simulations | |
| The Visual Buffer | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| The Attention Window | |
| Operation of the Attention Window | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Stimulus-based Attention Shifting | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Summary: Identifying Objects in Different Positions in the Visual Field | |
| Identifying Objects at Different Distances | |
| Incremental Adjustment | |
| Additional Properties of the Visual Buffer | |
| Summary: Identifying Objects at Different Distances | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| The Visual Buffer in Imagery | |
| Resolution | |
| Visual Angle | |
| Maintenance | |
| Attention Window | |
| Image Scanning | |
| Stimulus-based Attention Shifting | |
| Scope-resolution Trade-off | |
| Conclusions | |
| Identifying Objects When Different Portions Are Visible | |
| Identifying Objects Seen from Different Vantage Points | |
| The Necessity of Intermediate Processing Steps | |
| Preprocessing Subsystem | |
| Evidence for the Use of Nonaccidental Properties | |
| Clinical Evidence | |
| Recognizing Objects in Different Locations, Revisited | |
| "Signal" Properties | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Pattern Activation Subsystem | |
| Matching Input to Stored Patterns | |
| Image-based Matching | |
| Evidence for Imagery Feedback | |
| Object-Centered versus Viewer-Centered Representations | |
| Evidence for Viewer-Centered Representations | |
| Evidence for Object-Centered Representations | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Summary: Identifying Objects from Different Vantage Points | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| Image Activation | |
| Image Inspection | |
| Image Maintenance | |
| Image Transformations | |
| Conclusions | |
| Identifying Objects in Degraded Images | |
| Motion | |
| Motion Relations Encoding Subsystem | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Parts and Wholes | |
| Perceptual Parsing | |
| The Role of Parts in Recognition | |
| Spatial Properties | |
| Spatiotopic Mapping Subsystem | |
| Reference Systems | |
| A Distinct Subsystem | |
| Location, Size, and Orientation | |
| Levels of Resolution | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Resolving an Inconsistency | |
| Two Visual Memory Structures | |
| Empirical Evidence | |
| The Role of Differences in Receptive Field Sizes | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Summary: Identifying Objects in Degraded Input Images | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| Conclusions | |
| Identifying Contorted Objects | |
| Categorical Versus Coordinate Spatial Relations | |
| Empirical Tests | |
| Convergent Evidence | |
| Effects of Practice | |
| Computer Models | |
| A Computational Mechanism | |
| Testing a Prediction | |
| Complementary Dorsal and Ventral Representations | |
| Two Types of Categorical Spatial Relations Computations | |
| Resolving a Potential Paradox | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Associative Memory | |
| Connections Versus Tokens | |
| The Binding Problem | |
| Processing in Associative Memory | |
| Level of Hierarchy. | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Subsystems Used in Top-Down Hypothesis Testing | |
| Coordinate Property Lookup Subsystem | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Categorical Property Lookup Subsystem | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Categorical-Coordinate Conversion Subsystem | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Attention Shifting | |
| Priming Representations of Expected Shapes and Characteristics | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Accumulation of Constraints in the Ventral System | |
| Summary: Identifying Contorted Objects | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| Conclusions | |
| Identifying Objects: Normal and Damaged Brains | |
| The Working System: A Summary | |
| Testing Predictions | |
| Basic Visual Abilities | |
| Different Locations and Distances (Visual Angles) | |
| Identifying Objects When Their Input Images Subtend Different Visual Angles | |
| Identifying Objects When Their Input Images Fall on Different Places on the Retina | |
| Shape Variations | |
| Identifying Objects When They Are Seen from Different Vantage Points | |
| Identifying Objects When the Shapes of Their Parts Vary | |
| Identifying Objects When the Spatial Relations among Parts Vary | |
| Identifying Objects That Contain or Do Not Contain Optional Parts or Characteristics | |
| Impoverished Input | |
| Identifying Objects That Are Partially Occluded | |
| Identifying Objects When the Image Is Degraded | |
| Identifying Objects That Are Very Close | |
| Specific Instances | |
| Identifying Specific Objects | |
| Identifying Specific Spatial Relations | |
| Objects and Scenes | |
| Identifying Multiple Objects in a Single Fixation | |
| Identifying Multiple Objects "Automatically" | |
| Naming Times | |
| Encoding the Stimulus | |
| Degraded Contours | |
| Missing Parts | |
| Disrupted Parts | |
| Disrupted Spatial Relations among Parts | |
| Differences in Projected Shape | |
| Differences in Color and Texture | |
| Differences in Orientation. | |
| Differences in Size | |
| Differences in Location | |
| Differences in Left-Right Orientation | |
| Differences in Perspective | |
| Similarity of Category Members | |
| Assigning a Name | |
| Differences in Typicality | |
| Differences in Level of Hierarchy | |
| Accessing the Name | |
| Differences in Name Frequency | |
| Differences in Age-of-Acquisition of Name | |
| Familiarity | |
| Conclusions | |
| Understanding Dysfunction Following Brain Damage | |
| Disrupted Interactions among Subsystems: A Case Study | |
| Patient | |
| Behavioral Testing | |
| Conclusions | |
| Generating and Maintaining Visual Images | |
| Image Generation | |
| Generating Single-Part Images | |
| Generating Multipart Images | |
| Categorical and Coordinate Spatial Relations in Image Generation | |
| Testing Critical Predictions: Perceptual Mechanisms and Image Generation | |
| Dorsal and Ventral Imagery | |
| Functional Differences between the Two Types of Imagery | |
| Four Types of Image Generation? | |
| Imaging Novel Arrangements of Familiar Objects | |
| Imaging Novel Patterns | |
| A Multiscaled Representation | |
| Anatomical Localization: Cerebral Lateralization | |
| Left-Hemisphere Image Generation | |
| Right-Hemisphere Image Generation | |
| Bilateral Processing | |
| Summary: Image Generation | |
| Image Maintenance | |
| Maintenance versus Generation | |
| "Chunking" during Image Maintenance | |
| Imagery and "Working Memory" | |
| Summary: Image Maintenance | |
| Conclusions | |
| Inspecting and Transforming Visual Images | |
| Image Inspection | |
| Imagery and Perception | |
| Intact Imagery and Impaired Perception | |
| Imagery in the Blind | |
| Geometric Representation | |
| Imagery "Pop-Out" | |
| Imagery in Question-Answering | |
| Scanning | |
| Summary: Image Inspection | |
| Transforming Visual Images | |
| Motor Processes and Image Transformations | |
| Motion-Encoded versus Motion-Added Transformations | |
| Shape Shift Subsystem | |
| Incremental Transformations, Reconsidered | |
| Two Types of Motion-Added Transformation | |
| Rotation and Reference Frames | |
| Two Strategies: Rotation versus Attention Shifting | |
| Region-Bounded and Field-General Transformations | |
| Image Scanning | |
| Zooming | |
| Transforming Color | |
| Combining Transformations | |
| Anatomical Localization | |
| Summary: Image Transformations | |
| Conclusions | |
| Visual Mental Images in the Brain | |
| Accounts of Major Imagery Abilities | |
| Image Generation | |
| Single Part | |
| Multiple Part | |
| Mental Drawing | |
| Image Inspection | |
| Object Properties | |
| Spatial Properties | |
| Scanning and Zooming | |
| Image Maintenance | |
| Image Transformations | |
| Motion Encoded | |
| Motion Added | |
| Field-General versus Region-Bounded | |
| Transformation Locus | |
| Relation to the Previous Version of the Theory | |
| Visual Buffer | |
| The PICTURE Process | |
| The FIND Process | |
| The PUT Process | |
| The IMAGE Process | |
| The RESOLUTION Process | |
| The REGENERATE Process | |
| The LOOKFOR Process | |
| The SCAN, ZOOM, PAN, and ROTATE Processes | |
| The ANSWERIF Process | |
| Summary: Mapping to the Previous Version of the Theory | |
| Testing the Theory as a Whole: Individual Differences and Task Analyses | |
| Comparing Tasks | |
| Accounting for Missing Variance in Individual Differences | |
| Next Steps | |
| The Resolution of the Imagery Debates | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Author Index | |
| Subject Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
