INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook

History of Changes xi

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xvii

Preface xix

How to Use This Handbook xxi

1 Systems Engineering Introduction 1

1.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 1

1.2 Why Is Systems Engineering Important? 4

1.3 Systems Concepts 8

1.4 Systems Engineering Foundations 15

1.5 System Science and Systems Thinking 21

2 System Life Cycle Concepts, Models, and Processes 25

2.1 Life Cycle Terms and Concepts 25

2.2 Life Cycle Model Approaches 33

2.3 System Life Cycle Processes 39

3 Life Cycle Analyses and Methods 159

3.1 Quality Characteristics and Approaches 159

3.2 Systems Engineering Analyses and Methods 192

4 Tailoring and Application Considerations 215

4.1 Tailoring Considerations 215

4.2 SE Methodology/Approach Considerations 219

4.3 System Types Considerations 229

4.4 Application of Systems Engineering for Specific Product Sector or Domain Application 244

5 Systems Engineering in Practice 261

5.1 Systems Engineering Competencies 261

5.2 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 265

5.3 Systems Engineering Relationships to Other Disciplines 266

5.4 Digital Engineering 273

5.5 Systems Engineering Transformation 274

5.6 Future of SE 275

6 Case Studies 277

6.1 Case 1: Radiation Therapy—the Therac-25 277

6.2 Case 2: Joining Two Countries—the Øresund Bridge 278

6.3 Case 3: Cybersecurity Considerations in Systems Engineering—the Stuxnet Attack on a Cyber-Physical System 280

6.4 Case 4: Design for Maintainability—Incubators 282

6.5 Case 5: Artificial Intelligence in Systems Engineering—Autonomous Vehicles 283

6.6 Other Case Studies 285

Appendix A: References 287

Appendix B: Acronyms 305

Appendix C: Terms and Definitions 311

Appendix D: N² Diagram of Systems Engineering Processes 317

Appendix E: Input/Output Descriptions 321

Appendix F: Acknowledgments 335

Appendix G: Comment Form 337

Index 339