| Introduction to industrial cleaning technology | p. 1 |
| Those early days | p. 1 |
| John Bean and the FMC company | p. 1 |
| High pressure pump and equipment companies | p. 3 |
| UK - trade associations and organisations | p. 5 |
| Cleaning trade associations and organisations in the USA | p. 5 |
| Growth of the industrial cleaning market | p. 7 |
| Industrial cleaning applications | p. 7 |
| What are the reasons for cleaning? | p. 8 |
| Factors to be considered when selecting cleaning techniques | p. 8 |
| Cleaning parameters | p. 11 |
| References | p. 11 |
| High pressure pumps and pump units | p. 12 |
| Introduction | p. 12 |
| Choice of pumps and pump units | p. 12 |
| Factors to consider | p. 12 |
| High pressure water cleaning systems | p. 13 |
| The pump unit | p. 14 |
| Accessories | p. 14 |
| High pressure pump selection | p. 14 |
| Pump attachments | p. 21 |
| Net positive suction head (NPSH) | p. 26 |
| Anti-vibration mountings | p. 28 |
| Drives | p. 30 |
| Electric motor drives | p. 30 |
| Diesel engine drives | p. 30 |
| Prime movers | p. 30 |
| Electric motors | p. 31 |
| Electric motor types and specifications | p. 31 |
| Control gear | p. 34 |
| Diesel engines | p. 37 |
| Selecting the most suitable engine | p. 40 |
| Engine power standards | p. 40 |
| Exhaust gas emissions | p. 45 |
| Requirements for diesel engines in hazardous areas | p. 48 |
| Future developments in high pressure pump unit design | p. 50 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 53 |
| Cleaning systems, accessories and applications | p. 54 |
| Introduction | p. 54 |
| Flexible hoses and fittings | p. 54 |
| Low pressure cleaning systems | p. 56 |
| Sewer jetting | p. 56 |
| Medium pressure cleaning systems | p. 57 |
| High pressure cleaning systems | p. 58 |
| Hydraulic hose fittings | p. 60 |
| Miniature high pressure hoses | p. 61 |
| Semi-flexible cleaning lances | p. 61 |
| Rigid piping installations | p. 62 |
| Piping specifications and design criteria | p. 62 |
| Weather protection | p. 64 |
| Quick release couplings | p. 64 |
| Cleaning accessories | p. 65 |
| Nozzles | p. 65 |
| Nozzle selection | p. 68 |
| Cleaning applications and accessories | p. 71 |
| Surface cleaning | p. 71 |
| Pipe, tube, drain and sewer cleaning | p. 73 |
| Marine cleaning applications | p. 79 |
| Offshore oil platforms | p. 80 |
| Automatic tube bundle lancing machines | p. 81 |
| Internal tank and vessel cleaning | p. 82 |
| Typical high pressure water internal cleaning system | p. 83 |
| Internal cleaning systems - applications | p. 84 |
| High pressure systems | p. 84 |
| Dedicated systems | p. 84 |
| Portable systems | p. 84 |
| Environmental waste tankers | p. 90 |
| Drum and intermediate bulk container (IBC) cleaning | p. 91 |
| Nuclear decontamination using high pressure water jetting | p. 93 |
| Conclusions | p. 98 |
| Case studies | |
| Cleaning of difficult deposits from road tankers and tank containers using high pressure water | p. 98 |
| Cleaning emulsion polymer deposits from chemical reaction vessels | p. 99 |
| Cleaning roof tile moulds using high pressure water | p. 100 |
| Work study results of water jetting in the chemical industry | p. 101 |
| Offshore oil platform cleaning | p. 102 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 103 |
| Medium pressure cleaning systems | p. 105 |
| Introduction | p. 105 |
| System details | p. 105 |
| Pump units | p. 105 |
| Pump design options | p. 106 |
| Types of pump units | p. 110 |
| Pressure washers | p. 111 |
| Medium pressure cleaning applications | p. 113 |
| Internal cleaning | p. 113 |
| Specific industrial cleaning applications | p. 116 |
| Case studies | |
| Cleaning system for a paint manufacturing plant | p. 130 |
| Cleaning system for a primary, bulk chemical pharmaceutical plant | p. 130 |
| Cleaning trials on a 2000 litre glass lined reaction vessel | p. 137 |
| IBC 'flow line' cleaning installation | p. 140 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 141 |
| Low pressure cleaning systems | p. 142 |
| Introduction | p. 142 |
| Main cost factors involved in vessel and tank cleaning | p. 142 |
| Types of cleaning systems | p. 142 |
| Clean-in-place (CIP) systems | p. 144 |
| CIP Systems - Design details | p. 146 |
| Cleaning heads and nozzles | p. 146 |
| Cleaning patterns and cycle times | p. 150 |
| Fixed spray nozzles | p. 151 |
| Positioning devices | p. 152 |
| Low pressure pumps | p. 154 |
| Steam and water mixing devices | p. 155 |
| Other methods of heating water | p. 161 |
| Other system design considerations | p. 162 |
| Items used in CIP, COP and SIP installations | p. 163 |
| CIP, COP and SIP applications | p. 163 |
| Pharmaceutical, biotech and fine chemicals industries | p. 163 |
| Food and drinks industries | p. 167 |
| Heavy chemicals industries | p. 167 |
| Transportation industries | p. 167 |
| Drum and IBC cleaning | p. 167 |
| Main cost elements involved in tank and vessel washing | p. 172 |
| Wash fluids | p. 172 |
| Cost comparisons of various tank and vessel cleaning methods | p. 174 |
| Case studies | |
| Fermentation vessel cleaning | p. 174 |
| Paper mill process plant cleaning | p. 177 |
| Multi-purpose cleaning depot for road tankers and tank containers | p. 178 |
| CIP system for the brewing industry | p. 184 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 186 |
| Legislation and regulations | p. 188 |
| Introduction | p. 188 |
| European Community Directives | p. 188 |
| Harmonised European standards | p. 189 |
| CE marking | p. 189 |
| European Directives affecting cleaning equipment and operations | p. 189 |
| Low Voltage (LV) Directive | p. 190 |
| Safety of Machinery Directive | p. 191 |
| Personal Protective Equipment regulations (PPE) | p. 192 |
| Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive | p. 193 |
| Equipment and Protective systems intended for use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres | p. 193 |
| Declaration of Conformity | p. 193 |
| Declaration of Incorporation | p. 193 |
| Responsibilities and obligations | p. 194 |
| European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) | p. 194 |
| Pumps and Pump Units for Liquids: Safety Requirements | p. 194 |
| High Pressure Cleaners. High Pressure Water Jet Machines: Safety Requirements | p. 199 |
| Environmental considerations | p. 201 |
| Trade effluents | p. 201 |
| European environmental legislation | p. 201 |
| Legislation and regulatory authority controls in the UK | p. 202 |
| Trade effluent disposal | p. 205 |
| Solvents - Best environmental practice | p. 210 |
| Definition of a solvent | p. 210 |
| European and international regulations concerning solvents | p. 210 |
| Chlorinated solvents - Best environmental practice | p. 213 |
| Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) | p. 214 |
| The United States and EPA compliance | p. 215 |
| UK. Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme (ETBPP) | p. 215 |
| Filtration | p. 217 |
| Regulations affecting cleaning in the pharmaceutical and related industries | p. 222 |
| Historical Background | p. 222 |
| The Medicines Control Agency (MCA) | p. 223 |
| US Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) | p. 223 |
| Cleaning options | p. 225 |
| Validation following cleaning | p. 228 |
| Hygienic designs | p. 229 |
| Conclusions | p. 231 |
| Commonly used abbreviations | p. 231 |
| Applicable Legislative, Regulatory and Administrative Provisions | p. 232 |
| References and acknowledgements | |
| Health, safety and training aspects | p. 236 |
| Introduction | p. 236 |
| Extracts from the 1974 health ans safety Act | p. 236 |
| Health and safety topics affecting industrial cleaning operations | p. 237 |
| UK. Safe Work in Confined Spaces Regulations | p. 242 |
| New Concept | p. 245 |
| Guidance notes | p. 245 |
| Electrical Hazards from Steam and Water Pressure Cleaners | p. 245 |
| Chemical Cleaners | p. 247 |
| Codes of practice | p. 248 |
| UK--The Water Jetting Association | p. 249 |
| UK Code of Safe Working Practice | p. 249 |
| Sewer and drain cleaning | p. 251 |
| Health hazards | p. 251 |
| How do micro-organisms enter the body? | p. 252 |
| Protecting workers from risks to health | p. 252 |
| Other codes of practice and safety recommendations | p. 253 |
| Germany (URACA Pumpenfabrik) | p. 253 |
| United States of America - (WaterJet Technology Association) | p. 254 |
| United States of America - (Health and Safety) | p. 255 |
| Tank cleaning using pressurised water jets and steam | p. 257 |
| General consideration | p. 257 |
| Recommendations for particular situations | p. 257 |
| General notes | p. 257 |
| Essential precautions | p. 258 |
| High pressure water jetting training course | p. 259 |
| Basic training | p. 259 |
| Appreciation course | p. 259 |
| General aims and objectives | p. 259 |
| Extracts from the course manuals | p. 260 |
| National Vocational Qualification | p. 263 |
| Conclusions | p. 263 |
| 'Paper' High pressure water jetting injuries with case reports | p. 263 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 267 |
| Alternative cleaning techniques | p. 270 |
| Introduction | p. 270 |
| Alternative cleaning techniques | p. 270 |
| Solvent cleaning | p. 270 |
| Abrasives--cleaning techniques | p. 272 |
| Foam cleaning techniques | p. 276 |
| 'Pigging' technology | p. 277 |
| Chemical cleaning | p. 279 |
| Other cleaning techniques | p. 280 |
| Cleaning technology in the 21st Century | p. 281 |
| Automated systems | p. 281 |
| Biotechnology cleaning | p. 281 |
| The Sequel | p. 283 |
| Removal of latex deposits using a chemical compound | p. 285 |
| References and acknowledgements | p. 286 |
| Index | p. 287 |
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