Preface | p. xxiii |
About the Author | p. xxvii |
Abstract | p. xxix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxxi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
In the Beginning | p. 1 |
Heating System Classification | p. 3 |
Classification of Heating Modes | p. 7 |
Auxilliary Techniques | p. 10 |
Fluid Dynamics | p. 13 |
Introduction | p. 14 |
Sources of Gasses in Furnaces | p. 14 |
Flow of Gases | p. 15 |
Importance of Fluid Flow in Heating | p. 17 |
Classification of Fluid Flow | p. 18 |
Flow over Objects | p. 21 |
Flow Separation | p. 22 |
Forced Circulation in Enclosures | p. 27 |
Use of Fans | p. 29 |
Natural Gas Circulation inside Furnaces | p. 29 |
Bernoulli's Theorem of Fluid Flow | p. 32 |
Frictional Losses in Flow | p. 35 |
Local Losses | p. 44 |
Common Local Features | p. 46 |
Gas Flow through Ports | p. 48 |
Pump Power | p. 49 |
Stack Effect | p. 51 |
Practical Flue System | p. 53 |
Steady State Heat Transfer | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 58 |
Steady State Conduction | p. 60 |
The Shape Factor | p. 72 |
Graphical Method for Wall Heat Transfer and Design | p. 75 |
Convection | p. 80 |
Forced Convection | p. 85 |
Boundary Layer and Convection | p. 86 |
Forced Convection over Flat Plate | p. 88 |
Forced Convection inside Tubes | p. 97 |
Laminar Flow | p. 98 |
Turbulent Flow | p. 99 |
Heat Transfer in Coils | p. 108 |
Natural Convection (Flat Walls) | p. 113 |
Free Convection over Horizontal Pipes | p. 116 |
Free Convection inside Enclosures | p. 121 |
Radiative Heat Transfer | p. 124 |
Radiation Exchange between Bodies | p. 128 |
Radiative Exchange between Two parallel Surfaces | p. 129 |
Radiative Exchange between Article and Enclosure | p. 132 |
Radiation Screens | p. 133 |
Radiation Exchange inside and outside Furnaces | p. 137 |
Radiation in Absorbing Media | p. 140 |
Radiation Loss from Furnace Openings | p. 146 |
Extended Surfaces | p. 161 |
Transient Conduction | p. 169 |
Introduction | p. 170 |
Solution by Using Charts | p. 171 |
Heating of Bodies of Finite Size | p. 180 |
Transient Heating (Cooling) of a Semiinfinite Solid | p. 189 |
Instantaneous Temperature Change at Surface | p. 189 |
Constant Radiation Flux | p. 192 |
Surface Heating by Convection | p. 192 |
The Late Regime | p. 194 |
Transient Conduction-Finite Differences Method | p. 199 |
Application of the Finite Difference Method to a Multilayered Wall | p. 205 |
Concentrated Heat Sources | p. 211 |
Instantaneous Point Source | p. 212 |
Continuous Sources | p. 213 |
Transient Conduction Graphical Method (Schmidt's Method) | p. 219 |
Fuels and their Properties | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 226 |
Properties of Fuels | p. 226 |
Liquid Fuels | p. 231 |
Gaseous Fuels | p. 232 |
Biogas | p. 233 |
Single Stage Generation | p. 235 |
Two Stage Generator | p. 236 |
Heating (Calorific) Value | p. 238 |
Calculation of Calorific Value | p. 240 |
Combustion Air Requirements and Products | p. 243 |
Combustion Air and Practical Requirements | p. 245 |
Preheating of Air | p. 246 |
Solid Waste and Garbage | p. 247 |
Incomplete Combustion | p. 249 |
Combustion and Pollution | p. 252 |
Fuel Burning Devices | p. 275 |
Introduction | p. 276 |
Combustion of Liquid Fuels | p. 276 |
Classification of Oil Burners | p. 280 |
High Pressure Burners | p. 281 |
Low Pressure Burners | p. 281 |
Burners for Distillate Fuels | p. 282 |
Preheating of Oils | p. 284 |
Kinetics of Combustion of Gases | p. 285 |
Burning Properties of Gases | p. 287 |
Classification of Gas Burners | p. 289 |
Flame Stabilization, Ignition, and Detection | p. 291 |
Atmospheric Gas Burners | p. 293 |
Nozzle Mixing Gas Burners | p. 296 |
Radiant Tubes | p. 298 |
Immersion Tubes | p. 300 |
Dual Fuel Burners | p. 300 |
Packaged Burners | p. 302 |
Combustion of Solid Waste and Garbage | p. 303 |
Burner Auxilliaries | p. 305 |
Burner Blocks | p. 305 |
Ignition Devices | p. 307 |
Flame Protection Devices | p. 307 |
Refractories | p. 309 |
Introduction | p. 310 |
Classification of Refractories | p. 310 |
Fire Clay Refractories | p. 311 |
High Alumina Refractories | p. 312 |
Silica Refractories | p. 313 |
Carbon and Graphite Refractories | p. 313 |
Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Carborundum | p. 314 |
Zircon Refractories | p. 314 |
Zirconia Refractories | p. 314 |
Insulating Refractories and Materials | p. 315 |
Manufacture of Refractories | p. 316 |
Raw Materials | p. 316 |
Refractory Shapes | p. 319 |
Unshaped Refractory Products | p. 321 |
Refractory Fibers | p. 322 |
Properties of Refractories | p. 323 |
Room Temperature Properties | p. 325 |
High Temperature Properties | p. 326 |
Selection of Refractories | p. 328 |
Thermal Requirements | p. 328 |
Mechanical and Chemical Requirements | p. 332 |
Metals and Alloys for High Temperature Applications | p. 333 |
Introduction | p. 334 |
Mechanical Properties of Metals at High Temperature | p. 334 |
Oxidation and Corrosion | p. 340 |
Corrosion by Other Gases | p. 343 |
Melting Point and Physical Stability | p. 345 |
Linear Expansion | p. 346 |
Cast Irons | p. 347 |
Steels at High Temperature | p. 349 |
Selection of Metals for High Temperature Application | p. 349 |
Electric Resistance Heating | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 358 |
Indirect Electrical Heating | p. 358 |
Principles of Indirect Electric Heating | p. 358 |
Material for Heaters | p. 359 |
Special Insulating Materials in the Construction of a Heater | p. 361 |
Construction and Placement of Heaters | p. 368 |
Design of Metallic Elements | p. 373 |
Determination of Wire or Strip Size | p. 377 |
Nonmetallic Heating Elements | p. 383 |
Silicon Carbide Heating Elements | p. 383 |
MoSi[subscript 2] Heating Elements | p. 385 |
Design Calculations for Nonmetallic Elements | p. 387 |
Direct Resistance (Conductive) Heating (DRH) | p. 401 |
Principle of DRH | p. 401 |
Design for DRH | p. 403 |
Advantages and Limitations of DRH | p. 405 |
Stored Energy Heating (SEH) | p. 408 |
Principle of Stored Energy Heating | p. 409 |
Practical Heating Circuit | p. 411 |
Some Peculiarities of SEH | p. 411 |
Salt Bath Furnaces | p. 414 |
Introduction | p. 414 |
Construction and Working of Electrode Furnaces | p. 415 |
Bath Salts | p. 416 |
Some Peculiarities of Salt Baths | p. 419 |
Applications of Salt Baths | p. 419 |
Other Bath Furnaces | p. 421 |
High Frequency Heating | p. 423 |
Induction Heating | p. 424 |
Introduction | p. 424 |
Principles of Induction Heating | p. 425 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Induction Heating | p. 425 |
Skin Effect | p. 428 |
Ferrous and Nonferrous Heating | p. 432 |
Choice of Frequency | p. 433 |
High Frequency Generators | p. 437 |
Mains Frequency Generators | p. 437 |
Spark Gap Generators | p. 438 |
Motor Generators | p. 438 |
Solid State Generators | p. 440 |
Some Features of Solid State Generators | p. 442 |
Radio Frequency (RF) Power Generators | p. 442 |
Features of RF Generators and Heating | p. 444 |
Generator and Coil Matching | p. 444 |
Thermal Requirements | p. 447 |
Design of the Coil | p. 449 |
Electrical Design of Coil | p. 450 |
Equivalent Circuit Method of Coil Design | p. 453 |
Physical Design of Coils | p. 456 |
Dielectric Heating | p. 466 |
Introduction | p. 466 |
Principles of Dielectric Heating | p. 466 |
Review of Related Electric Properties | p. 466 |
Some Noteworthy Points About Dielectric Heating | p. 470 |
Applications of Dielectric Heating | p. 471 |
Microwave Heating | p. 472 |
Nature and Generation of Microwaves | p. 472 |
Heat Generation by Microwaves | p. 473 |
Heat Produced in Microwave Heating | p. 477 |
Some Peculiarities of Microwave Heating | p. 478 |
Concentrated Heat Sources | p. 485 |
Laser | p. 488 |
Introduction | p. 488 |
Generation of Laser Beam | p. 489 |
Noteworthy Points about Lasers | p. 492 |
Limitations of Lasers | p. 495 |
CO[subscript 2] Lasers | p. 496 |
Nd-YAG Lasers | p. 499 |
Ruby Lasers | p. 501 |
Longitudinal Modes of Laser Beam | p. 502 |
Focusing Properties of Lasers | p. 504 |
Collimation | p. 507 |
Coherence | p. 508 |
Depth of Focus | p. 508 |
Transverse Modes in Lasers | p. 514 |
Temporal Characteristics of Lasers | p. 515 |
Q Switching of the Laser Beam | p. 517 |
Application of Lasers for Material Processing | p. 520 |
Laser-Material Interaction | p. 523 |
Reflectivity and Absorptivity | p. 526 |
Laser Penetration | p. 529 |
The Temperature Field | p. 531 |
Electron Beam Heating | p. 533 |
Introduction | p. 533 |
Generation of Electron Beam | p. 534 |
Characteristics of EB | p. 537 |
EB-Noteworthy Points | p. 538 |
EB-Material Interaction | p. 539 |
Commercial EB Equipment | p. 541 |
Vacuum Engineering | p. 543 |
Introduction | p. 544 |
Units for Vacuum | p. 545 |
Vacuum Pumps | p. 546 |
Positive Displacement Pump | p. 547 |
Roots Pump | p. 550 |
Diffusion Pumps | p. 554 |
Molecular Pumps | p. 557 |
Pumping System Design | p. 558 |
Selection of Vacuum Pumps | p. 558 |
Calculation of Pumping Speed | p. 562 |
Conductance and Pumping Speed | p. 564 |
Baffles and Traps | p. 568 |
Outgassing | p. 569 |
Vacuum Pumping (Pressure-Time Relations) | p. 574 |
Calculation of Pumping Time | p. 587 |
Measurement of Vacuum | p. 590 |
Mechanical Gauges | p. 591 |
Conductivity Gauges | p. 592 |
Ionization Gauge | p. 594 |
Protective Atmospheres | p. 601 |
Introduction | p. 602 |
Manufactured Atmosphere | p. 603 |
Pure Gas Atmospheres | p. 604 |
Nitrogen | p. 604 |
Hydrogen | p. 604 |
Helium and Argon | p. 608 |
Heating of Protective Atmosphere Furnace | p. 608 |
Determination of Atmosphere Consumption | p. 610 |
Batch Type | p. 611 |
Continuous Type | p. 612 |
Instrumentation for Protective Atmospheres | p. 624 |
Dew Point Measurement | p. 624 |
Measurement of CO, CO[subscript 2], CH[subscript 4], and NH[subscript 3] | p. 627 |
Detection of Oxygen | p. 628 |
Selection of Analytical Instruments | p. 630 |
Temperature Measurement | p. 631 |
Introduction | p. 632 |
Thermocouple Pyrometers | p. 634 |
Property Requirements of Thermocouple Materials | p. 636 |
Practical Thermocouples | p. 637 |
Cold Junction Compensation | p. 641 |
Compensating Wires | p. 643 |
Construction of Thermocouples | p. 643 |
Selection of Thermocouples | p. 645 |
Radiation Pyrometry | p. 647 |
Principle of Radiation | p. 647 |
Practical Problems | p. 649 |
Disappearing Filament Pyrometer | p. 655 |
Radiation Pyrometers | p. 657 |
Advantages of Radiation Pyrometers | p. 661 |
Limitations | p. 661 |
Miscellaneous Temperature-Related Devices | p. 662 |
Temperature Indicating Colors | p. 662 |
Bimetallic Devices | p. 662 |
Bimetallic Energy Regulators | p. 663 |
Throwaway Tips | p. 666 |
Temperature Indicators | p. 666 |
Temperature Controllers | p. 668 |
Miscellany and Further | p. 673 |
Introduction | p. 674 |
Some Typical Furnaces | p. 675 |
Rotating Hearth Furnace | p. 675 |
Automatic Integral Quench Furnace | p. 677 |
Vacuum Gas Furnace | p. 680 |
Linear Continuous Furnaces | p. 683 |
Incinerators | p. 685 |
Large Scale Municipal Incinerator | p. 687 |
Medium or Small Scale Incinerator | p. 689 |
Domestic or Office Incinerator | p. 689 |
Heat Exchangers | p. 691 |
Classification of Heat Exchangers | p. 693 |
Convective Heat Transfer over Tube Banks | p. 699 |
Heat Exchanger Calculations | p. 702 |
Drying Ovens | p. 710 |
Baking Ovens | p. 713 |
Fans | p. 718 |
Some New Materials | p. 723 |
Carbon Foams | p. 723 |
Alumina Refractory Adhesive | p. 723 |
Cast Basalt | p. 724 |
Appendices | |
Pressure | p. 725 |
Viscosity | p. 729 |
Thermal Diffusivity | p. 733 |
Humidity | p. 737 |
Error Function | p. 745 |
Properties of Air, Water, Gases | p. 749 |
Emissivity | p. 755 |
Bibliography | p. 757 |
Index | p. 763 |
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