Inner Speech and Thought

One General Problems of Study.- I Theories of the Interrelation of Speech and Thought.- II The Problem of Inner Speech in Psychology.- 1. Early Investigations of Inner Speech.- 2. Discussion of Inner-Speech in Soviet Psychology.- 3. Verbal Interference Methods in the Study of Inner Speech.- 4. Detecting Concealed Speech Reactions by Conditioned-Reflex Methods.- 5. Conditioned Reflexes to Numbers.- 6. Clinical Observations.- 7. Interrelation of Internal and External Speech and Their Intermediate Forms.- I Generalization and Reduction in Speech during the Emergence of Mental Acts.- 1. Generalized Associations and Abbreviated Inferences.- 2. Reduction of the Logical Algorithm in the Solution of Physics Problems with Formalization of Mental Activities.- 3. Verbal Generalizations and Verbal Semantic Complexes in Translation from Foreign Languages.- Two Effect of Articulatory Interference on Mental activity.- IV Impairment of the Auditory Perception and Understanding of Speech by Articulatory Interference.- 1. Experimental Approach to Study of the Functions of Inner Speech.- 2. Negative Effect of Articulatory Interference on the Understanding and Memorization of Speech Heard.- 3. Appearance of Fragmentary Inner Speech with Automatization of Speech Movements and during Micropauses in Articulatory Interference.- 4. Insufficiency of Fragmentary Inner Speech for an Understanding of Difficult Texts-the Need for Unfolded Articulation of Words.- 5. Inner Speech as a Mechanism of Semantic Grouping.- V Comparative Effect of Various Articulatory Conditions on the Processes of Perception, Memorization, and Thought.- 1. Testing the Effect of Verbal and Nonverbal Motor Induction.- 2. The Scope and Accuracy of Visual Perception under Various Conditions of Articulation.- 3. Memorization and Reproduction of Drawings and Words under Various Conditions of Articulation.- 4. Solution of Arithmetical Problems under Various Conditions of Articulation.- 5. Translation of Texts from Foreign Languages under Various Conditions of Articulation.- 6. Principal Conclusions from the Speech Interference Experiments.- Three Electromyographic Studies oF Inner Speech.- VI Electromyographic Study of Inner Speech and an Overview of Electromyograms Revealing Concealed Articulation.- 1. Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature as an Objective Indicator of Hidden Speech Processes.- 2. Micromovements of the Tongue in Inner Speech.- 3. Methods of Recording Action Potentials of Speech Musculature.- 4. General Characteristics of the Electrical Activity of Speech Musculature with Vocalized and Silent Articulation of Words.- 5. Electromyograms of Concealed Articulation during "Mental Arithmetic".- 6. Electromyograms of Concealed Articulation while Reading to Oneself and Listening to Speech.- 7. Electromyograms of Concealed Articulation during Mental Reproduction and Recollection of Verbal Material.- 8. Electromyograms of Concealed Articulation during Manipulation of Graphic-Visual Material.- 9. Principal Conclusions from Preliminary Experiments.- VII Integrated Electrical Activity of Speech Musculature as an Indicator of Verbal Thought Process.- 1. Method of Recording and Measuring the Integrated Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature.- 2. Measurement of the Integrated Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature during Mental Arithmetic.- 3. Measurement of the Integrated Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature during Silent Reading of Texts.- VIII The Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature in Concrete Thinking.- 1. Issues and Methods of the Electromyographic Investigation of Concrete Thinking.- 2. Dynamics of the Integrated Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature during the Solution of Raven's Matrix Problems.- 3. Instances of Solution of Matrix Problems without Discernible Motor Speech Excitation.- 4. Relationship between Speech Musculature Tension and Other Physiological Indices (GSR and EEG).- 5. Analysis of the Subjects' Verbal Reports and General Discussion of the Problem of Concrete Thinking.- 6. Principal Conclusions from the Physiological Experiments with Matrix Problems.- IX Motor Speech Afferentation and the Cerebral Mechanisms of Thought.- 1. Dynamic Localization of Speech Functions.- 2. Penfield's Concept of the Functional Anatomy of Speech and Its Shortcomings.- 3. The Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Motor Speech Afferentation.- 4. Tonic and Phasic Electrical Activity of the Speech Musculature in the Process of Intellectual Activity.- Conclusion.- Author Index.