Inorganic Particle Synthesis via Macro and Microemulsions

1. Emulsions: A General Introduction.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. The Interface.- 1.3. Stability of an Emulsion.- 1.3.1. Breaking of an Emulsion.- 1.3.2. Inversion in an Emulsion.- 1.4. The Oil Phase.- 1.5. The Water Phase.- 1.6. The Surfactant Phase.- 1.7. The Process of Emulsification.- 2. Surfactants and Micelle Formation.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Surfactants: A Broad Classification and General Features.- 2.3. The Critical Micelle Concentration.- 2.4. Factors Involved in Micelle Formation.- 2.4.1. Normal Micelles.- 2.4.2. Reverse Micelles.- 2.5. The Nature of Equilibrium in Micellar Aggregates.- 2.6. Geometrical Factors Determining the Micellar Shape.- 2.7. Conversion of Spherical Micelles to other Forms: Chemical Factors.- 3. Microemulsions: Some Basic Concepts.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Phase Behavior in Surfactant-Oil-Water Systems.- 3.3. Preparation of Microemulsions.- 3.4. Factors Affecting Water Solubilization in Reverse Micelles.- 3.5. Nature of Water in Reverse Microemulsions.- 3.6. Control of the Water Pool Size in Reverse Microemulsions.- 3.7. Interactions Among Water Pools in Reverse Microemulsions.- 4. Particle Formation From Macroemulsions: A Survey.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. A Summary of Synthetic Methods.- 4.3. Particles from Emulsions.- 4.3.1. Single Oxides.- Aluminum Oxide.- Zirconium Dioxide: Pure and Doped Forms and Derivatives.- Titanium Dioxide.- Silicon Dioxide.- Chromium Oxide.- Yttrium Oxide.- Zinc Oxide.- Tungsten Oxide.- 4.3.2. Multiple Oxides.- Barium Titanate.- Lead Titanate.- Zirconium Titanate.- Magnesium-Aluminum Spinel.- Mullite.- Indium Tin Oxide.- Mixed Iron Oxide.- Chromium Titanate.- Yttrium Aluminum Garnet.- Lithium Nickel Manganate.- Strontium Bismuth Tantalate.- Yttrium Barium Cuprate.- Lead Magnesium Niobate.- Hydroxyapatite.- 4.3.3. Carbonate.- Calcium Carbonate.- 4.4. Controls in Synthesis.- 5. Particle Formation From Microemulsions: A Survey.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. A Summary of Synthetic Methods.- 5.3. Tailoring of Particle Size and Shape.- 5.3.1. Particle Size.- 5.3.2. Particle Shape.- 5.4. Particles from Microemulsions.- 5.4.1. Single and Multiple Oxides.- Zirconium Dioxide.- Titanium Dioxide.- Silicon Dioxide.- Aluminum Oxide.- Zinc Oxide.- Iron Oxides.- Tin Oxide.- Cerium Oxide.- Yttrium Oxide.- Erbium Oxide.- Neodymium Oxide.- Vanadium Pentoxide.- Cobalt Oxide.- Barium Titanate.- Lead Titanate.- Lead Magnesium Niobate.- Barium Ferrite.- Strontium Ferrite.- Manganese Ferrite.- Cobalt Ferrite.- Zinc Ferrite.- Other Ferrites.- Oxide Superconductors.- Titanium Iron Oxide.- Aluminates.- Indium Tin Oxide.- Lanthanum Nickel Oxide.- Lanthanum Copper Oxide.- Barium Lead Oxide.- Lead Chromium Oxide.- Zirconium Silicate.- Yttrium Iron Garnet.- Barium Tungstate.- Calcium Phosphates.- Aluminum Phosphate.- Zincophosphates.- 5.4.2. Miscellaneous Oxy-Compounds.- Aluminum Hydroxide.- Calcium Hydroxide.- Calcium Carbonate.- Barium Carbonate.- Calcium Sulfate.- Barium Sulfate.- 5.4.3. Chalcogenides.- Cadmium Sulfide.- Zinc Sulfide.- Silver Sulfide.- Copper Sulfide.- Lead Sulfide.- Molybdenum Sulfide.- Sodium Sulfide.- Cadmium Selenide.- Silver Selenide.- 5.4.4. Metals.- Gold.- Silver.- Copper.- Platinum.- Palladium.- Rhodium.- Iridium.- Nickel.- Cobalt.- Iron.- Bismuth.- 5.4.5. Borides.- 5.4.6. Halides.- 5.5. Factors Controlling Particle Polydispersity.- 6. Applicabilities of the Processes and the Products: A Summary.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Macroemulsion-Mediated Synthesis.- 6.2.1. Advantages of the General Process.- 6.2.2. Disadvantages of the General Process.- 6.2.3. New Developments and their Advantages.- 6.3. Applications of Macroemulsion-Generated Particles.- 6.3.1. Nanoparticles.- 6.3.2. Micrometer-Sized Particles.- 6.4. Microemulsion-Mediated Synthesis.- 6.4.1. Advantages of the General Process.- 6.4.2. Disadvantages of the General Process.- 6.4.3. New Developments and their Advantages.- 6.5. Applications of Microemulsion-Generated Particles.- 6.5.1. Materials with Catalytic Properties.- 6.5.2. Optical Materials.- 6.5.3. Magnetic Materials.- References.