Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices

1 The Concepts of Intelligent Macromolecules and Smart Devices 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Concept of Intelligent Macromolecules 1.2.1 Synthetic Macromolecules 1.2.1.1 Chain Structure and Classification 1.2.1.2 Synthesis 1.2.1.3 Chain Conformation 1.2.1.4 Macromolecular Structure in Solution 1.2.1.5 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure 1.2.2 Biological Macromolecules 1.2.2.1 Structure of DNA 1.2.2.2 Structure of Proteins 1.2.2.3 Structure of Polysaccharides 1.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 1.2.4 Intelligent Macromolecules 1.3 The Concept of Smart Devices 1.3.1 Self-assembling and Micro-/Nano-fabrication 1.3.2 Functional Structures and Smart Devices 1.4 References Part I. Intelligent Macromolecules 2 Conducting Polymers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conjugated Conducting Polymers 2.2.1 Structure and Properties 2.2.1.1 - * Conjugation 2.2.1.2 Doping 2.2.2 Synthesis 2.2.2.1 Syntheses of Soluble Conjugated Polymers 2.2.2.2 Syntheses of Conjugated Polymer Films 2.3 Charge Transfer Polymers 2.3.1 Organic Charge Transfer Complexes 2.3.2 Polymeric Charge Transfer Complexes 2.3.3 Charge Transfer Between Fullerene C60 and Polymers 2.4 Ionically Conducting Polymers 2.4.1 Structural Features of Polymer Electrolytes 2.4.2 Transport Properties and Chain Dynamics 2.5 Conductively Filled Polymers 2.5.1 Polymers Filled with Conductive Solids 2.5.2 Polymers Filled with Conjugated Conducting Polymers 2.6 References 3 Stimuli-responsive Polymers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Solvent-responsive Polymers 3.3 Temperature-responsive Polymers 3.3.1 Temperature-responsive Polymers in Solution 3.3.2 Temperature-responsive Polymers on Surface 3.4 pH-responsive Polymers 3.5 Ionically Responsive Polymers 3.6 Electrically Responsive Polymers 3.7 Photoelectrochromism 3.8 Photoresponsive Polymers 3.9 Biochromism 3.10 Photomodulation of Enzyme Activity 3.11 References 4 Dendrimers and Fullerenes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dendrimers 4.2.1 Synthesis 4.2.1.1 Divergent Approach 4.2.1.2 Convergent-growth Approach 4.2.1.3 Other Miscellaneous Approaches 4.2.2 Structure 4.2.2.1 Dendrimers with a Metal Core 4.2.2.2 Dendrimers with a Hollow Core 4.2.2.3 Dendrimers with a Hydrophobic Interior and Hydrophilic Exterior Layer 4.2.2.4 Dendrimers with Guest Molecules Trapped in their Cavities 4.2.2.5 Dendrimers with Different Terminal Groups 4.3 Fullerene C60 4.3.1 Chemistry of C60 4.3.1.1 Addition Reactions 4.3.1.2 Dimerization and Polymerization 4.3.2 Polymeric Derivatives of C60 4.3.2.1 Fullerene Charm Bracelets 4.3.2.2 Fullerene Pearl Necklaces 4.3.2.3 Flagellenes 4.4 References 5 Carbon Nanotubes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structure 5.3 Property 5.4 Synthesis 5.4.1 Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) 5.4.2 Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) 5.5 Purification 5.6 Microfabrication 5.6.1 Opening, Filling and Closing 5.6.2 Filling 5.6.3 Tip-closing 5.7 Chemical Modification 5.7.1 End-functionalization 5.7.1.1 Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes 5.7.1.2 Covalent-Coupling via the Oxidized Nanotube Ends 5.7.2 Modification of Nanotube Outerwall 5.7.2.1 Sidewall Fluorination of Carbon Nanotubes 5.7.2.2 The Attachment of Dichlorocarbene to the Sidewall 5.7.2.3 Modification via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides 5.7.2.4 The Reaction Between Aniline and Carbon Nanotubes 5.7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube Innerwall 5.7.4 Other Physical Chemistries of Carbon Nanotubes 5.7.4.1 Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Mechanochemical Reactions 5.7.4.2 Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Electrochemical Reactions 5.7.4.3 Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Photochemical Reactions 5.8 Non-covalent Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes 5.8.1 Non-covalent Attachment of Small Molecules onto the Nanotube Sidewall 5.8.2 Non-covalent Wrapping of Polymer Chains onto the Nanotube Sidewall 5.9 Modification of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 5.9.1 Plasma Activation of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 5.9.2 Acid Oxidation with Structural Protection 5.9.3 Electrochemical Modification of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 5.10 References Part II. From Intelligent Macromolecules to Smart Devices 6 Ordered and Patterned Macromolecules 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oriented and Patterned Conjugated Polymers 6.2.1 The Necessity 6.2.1.1 For Electronic Applications 6.2.1.2 For Non-linear Optical Applications 6.2.2 Oriented Conjugated Polymers 6.2.2.1 Synthesis-induced Orientation 6.2.2.2 Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymers 6.2.2.3 Post-synthesis Orientation 6.2.3 Patterned Conjugated Polymers 6.2.3.1 Photolithographic Patterning 6.2.3.2 Pattern Formation by Self-assembling 6.2.3.3 Pattern Formation by Polymer Phase Separation 6.2.3.4 Plasma Patterning of Conjugated Polymers 6.3 Aligned and Patterned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.1 The Necessity 6.3.1.1 Molecular Computing 6.3.1.2 Electron Emitters 6.3.1.3 For Membrane Applications 6.3.2 Horizontally Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.2.1 Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.2.2 Micropatterns of Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.3 Perpendicularly Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.3.1 Perpendicularly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.3.2 Micropatterns of Perpendicularly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes 6.3.3.3 Perpendicularly Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes by Self-assembly 6.4 Aligned Non-carbon Nanotubes 6.4.1 Aligned B:C:N Nanotubes 6.4.2 Aligned Inorganic Nanotubes 6.4.3 Aligned Polymer Nanotubes 6.4.4 Aligned Peptide Nanotubes 6.5 References 7 Macromolecular Nanostructures 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Polymer Nanoparticles 7.2.1 Polymer Nanospheres by Polymerization 7.2.2 Dispersion of Pre-formed Polymers 7.2.2.1 Polymer Nanosphere by Emulsifying Dispersion 7.2.2.2 Polymer Nanospheres by Supercritical Fluid Method 7.3 Self-assembling of Pre-formed Polymers 7.3.1 Shell-core Polymer Nanoparticles 7.4 Polymer Nanowires, Nanotubes and Nanofibers 7.4.1 Tip-assisted Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires 7.4.2 Template Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires, Nanotubes and Nanofibers 7.4.3 Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers 7.5 Polymer Nanofilms 7.5.1 Polymer Nanofilms by Solution Casting 7.5.2 Polymer Nanofilms by Plasma Polymerization 7.5.3 Polymer Nanofilms by Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition 7.5.4 Polymer Brushes by End-adsorption 7.5.4.1 Polymer Mushrooms 7.5.4.2 Polymer Brushes 7.6 Nanostructured Polymers with Special Architectures 7.6.1 Self-assembly of Ordered Nanoporous Polymers 7.6.2 Coaxial Polymer Nanowires and Nanofibers 7.6.3 Multilayered Polymer Nanofilms 7.6.4 Nanostructured Polymers by Phase Separation 7.7 References Part III. Smart Devices 8 Electronic Devices 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conjugated Polymer Devices 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Shielding 8.2.2 Schottky Barrier Diodes and Field-effect Transistors 8.2.2.1 Schottky Barrier Diodes 8.2.2.2 Field-effect Transistors 8.3 C60 Superconductivity 8.4 Polymer Batteries and Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors 8.4.1 Conducting Polymer Batteries 8.4.2 Biofuel Cells 8.4.3 Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors 8.5 Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectronics 8.5.1 Carbon Nanotube Nanowires 8.5.2 Carbon Nanotube Superconductors 8.5.3 Carbon Nanotube Rings 8.5.4 Carbon Nanotube Nanocircuits 8.5.5 Carbon Nanotube-based Random Access Memory (RAM) for Molecular Computing 8.6 DNA Molecular Wires and DNA Computing 8.6.1 DNA Molecular Wires 8.6.2 DNA Computing on Chips 8.7 References 9 Photonic Devices 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Light-emitting Polymer Displays 9.2.1 Device Construction 9.2.2 Quantum Efficiency 9.2.3 Interface Engineering 9.2.3.1 Chemical Derivatization of the Metal Electrodes 9.2.3.2 Polymer-polymer Interface 9.2.4 Modification of the Charge Injection Characteristics 9.2.5 Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs) 9.2.6 Color Tuning 9.2.7 Patterned Emission 9.3 Laser Action of Conjugated Polymers 9.4 Carbon Nanotube Displays 9.5 Bucky Light Bulbs and Optical Limiters 9.5.1 C60 Light Bulbs 9.5.2 C60 Optical Limiters 9.6 Photovoltaic Cells 9.6.1 Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Containing Fullerenes 9.6.2 Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Containing Carbon Nanotubes 9.7 Light-harvesting Dendrimers 9.8 Electronic Windows, Electrochromic Displays and Electronic Papers 9.8.1 Electrochromic Windows 9.8.2 Electrochromic Displays 9.8.3 Electronic Papers 9.9 References 10 Sensors and Sensor Arrays 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conjugated Polymers Sensors 10.2.1 Conjugated Polymer Sensors with Electrical Transducers 10.2.1.1 Conjugated Polymer Conductometric Sensors 10.2.1.2 Conjugated Polymer Potentiometric Sensors 10.2.1.3 Conjugated Polymer Amperometric Sensors 10.2.1.4 Conjugated Polymer Voltammetric Sensors 10.2.2 Conjugated Polymer Sensors with Optical Transducers 10.2.2.1 Conjugated Polymer Fluorescent Ion Chemosensors 10.2.2.2 Conjugated Polymer Fluorescent TNT Sensors 10.2.2.3 Conjugated Polymer Light-harvesting "Turn-on" Sensors 10.3 Charge Transfer Polymer Sensors 10.4 Ionically Conducting Polymer Sensors 10.5 Conductively Filled Polymers Sensors 10.5.1 Conductively Filled Polymer Humidity Sensors 10.5.2 Conductively Filled Polymer Gas Sensors 10.5.3 Conducting Polymer-coated Fabric Sensors: Smart Textiles 10.6 Dendrimer Sensors 10.6.1 Dendrimer Gas Sensors 10.6.1.1 Dendrimer Iodine (Vapor) Sensor 10.6.1.2 Dendrimer SO2 Gas Sensors 10.6.1.3 Dendrimer CO Gas Sensors 10.6.2 Dendrimer Sensors for Carbonyl Compounds 10.7 Fullerene C60 Sensors 10.7.1 Fullerene Humidity Sensors 10.7.2 Fullerene Gas Sensors 10.8 Carbon Nanotube Sensors 10.8.1 Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors 10.8.1.1 Carbon Nanotube Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Sensors 10.8.1.2 Carbon Nanotube Hydrogen Sensors 10.8.1.3 Carbon Nanotube Oxygen Sensors 10.8.1.4 Carbon Nanotube Thermoelectric Nanonose 10.8.1.5 Carbon Nanotube Carbon Dioxide Sensors 10.8.2 Carbon Nanotube Pressure and Temperature Sensors 10.8.3 Carbon Nanotube Chemical Force Sensors 10.8.4 Carbon Nanotube Resonator Mass Sensors 10.8.5 Carbon Nanotube Glucose Sensors 10.9 DNA Sensors 10.9.1 DNA Sensors Based on Oligonucleotide-functionalized Polypyrroles 10.9.2 DNA Diagnostic Biosensors 10.9.3 DNA Sensor for Detection of Hepatitis B Virus 10.9.4 DNA Fluorescent Sensor for Lead Ions 10.9.5 DNA Molecular Break Lights 10.9.6 DNA Quartz Oscillators and Cantilevers 10.10 Sensors Arrays 10.10.1 Conducting Polymer "Electronic Noses" 10.10.2 DNA Arrays 10.10.3 Protein Arrays 10.11 References 11 Actuators and Nanomechanical Devices 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Conducting Polymer Actuators 11.2.1 Self-powered Actuators 11.2.2 Conducting Polymer Microtweezers 11.3 Actuators Based on Composites of Ion-exchange Polymers and Metals 11.4 Responsive Polymer Actuators 11.5 Carbon Nanotube Actuators 11.6 Smart Electromechanical Devices Based on Carbon Nanotubes 11.6.1 Carbon Nanotube Quantum Resistors and Nanoresonators 11.6.2 Carbon Nanotube Nanoprobes 11.6.3 Carbon Nanotube Nanotweezers 11.6.4 Carbon Nanotube Bearings, Switches and Gears 11.7 C60 Abacus and Fullerene Vehicles 11.8 Smart Devices Based on Biomolecules 11.8.1 Flagellar Motors 11.8.2 DNA Switches 11.9 References Index