Internal Flow
Concepts and Applications
By: C. S. Tan, M. B. Graf, E. M. Greitzer
Paperback | 31 May 2007
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This book describes the analysis and behaviour of internal flows encountered in propulsion systems, fluid machinery (compressors, turbines and pumps) and ducts (diffusers, nozzles and combustion chambers). The focus is on phenomena that are important in setting the performance of a broad range of fluid devices. The authors show that even for complex processes one can learn a great deal about the behaviour of such devices from a clear understanding and rigorous use of basic principles. Throughout the book they illustrate theoretical principles by reference to technological applications. The strong emphasis on fundamentals, however, means that the ideas presented can be applied beyond internal flow to other types of fluid motion. The book equips students and practising engineers with a range of new analytical tools. These tools offer enhanced interpretation and application of both experimental measurements and the computational procedures that characterize modern fluids engineering.
Industry Reviews
'... this book is a refreshing experience ... the distinct perspective that the authors bring to the subject will be appreciated by all readers. ... the book is a must for all graduate students and will appeal to researchers entering the field of turbomachinery. It will serve well students on courses where the subject is taught. The book, due to its clear presentation of fundamentals and the key examples from applications, may also be of instructional value to students on general fluid mechanics courses.' Journal of Fluid Mechanics 'This book provides an authoritative compilation of knowledge relating to internal flows ... The book is well and clearly written with clear derivation of the equations ... the overall impression of this book is of a thorough presentation, carefully written and illustrated, and providing a very good starting point for the exploration of questions relating to internal flows.' Measurement and Control
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgements | p. xx |
| Conventions and nomenclature | p. xxii |
| Equations of motion | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Properties of a fluid and the continuum assumption | p. 2 |
| Dynamic and thermodynamic principles | p. 2 |
| The rate of change of quantities following a fluid particle | p. 3 |
| Mass and momentum conservation for a fluid system | p. 4 |
| Thermodynamic states and state change processes for a fluid system | p. 4 |
| First and second laws of thermodynamics for a fluid system | p. 6 |
| Behavior of the working fluid | p. 8 |
| Equations of state | p. 8 |
| Specific heats | p. 9 |
| Relation between changes in material and fixed volumes: Reynolds's Transport Theorem | p. 11 |
| Conservation laws for a fixed region (control volume) | p. 13 |
| Description of stress within a fluid | p. 15 |
| Integral forms of the equations of motion | p. 19 |
| Force, torque, and energy exchange in fluid devices | p. 19 |
| Differential forms of the equations of motion | p. 20 |
| Conservation of mass | p. 24 |
| Conservation of momentum | p. 25 |
| Conservation of energy | p. 26 |
| Splitting the energy equation: entropy changes in a fluid | p. 26 |
| Heat transfer and entropy generation sources | p. 27 |
| Initial and boundary conditions | p. 28 |
| Boundary conditions at solid surfaces | p. 29 |
| Inlet and outlet boundary conditions | p. 30 |
| The rate of strain tensor and the form of the dissipation function | p. 31 |
| Relationship between stress and rate of strain | p. 34 |
| The Navier-Stokes equations | p. 37 |
| Cartesian coordinates | p. 38 |
| Cylindrical coordinates | p. 39 |
| Disturbance propagation in a compressible fluid: the speed of sound | p. 40 |
| Stagnation and static quantities | p. 41 |
| Relation of stagnation and static quantities in terms of Mach number | p. 42 |
| Kinematic and dynamic flow field similarity | p. 43 |
| Incompressible flow | p. 43 |
| Kinematic similarity | p. 44 |
| Dynamic similarity | p. 44 |
| Compressible flow | p. 45 |
| Limiting forms for low Mach number | p. 46 |
| Some useful basic ideas | p. 48 |
| Introduction | p. 48 |
| The assumption of incompressible flow | p. 48 |
| Steady flow | p. 49 |
| Unsteady flow | p. 51 |
| Upstream influence | p. 51 |
| Upstream influence of a circumferentially periodic non-uniformity | p. 52 |
| Upstream influence of a radial non-uniformity in an annulus | p. 54 |
| Pressure fields and streamline curvature: equations of motion in natural coordinates | p. 56 |
| Normal and streamwise accelerations and pressure gradients | p. 56 |
| Other expressions for streamline curvature | p. 57 |
| Quasi-one-dimensional steady compressible flow | p. 60 |
| Corrected flow per unit area | p. 61 |
| Differential relations between area and flow variables for steady isentropic one-dimensional flow | p. 63 |
| Steady isentropic one-dimensional channel flow | p. 65 |
| Shock waves | p. 65 |
| The entropy rise across a normal shock | p. 66 |
| Shock structure and entropy generation processes | p. 68 |
| Effect of exit conditions on steady, isentropic, one-dimensional compressible channel flow | p. 71 |
| Flow regimes for a converging nozzle | p. 72 |
| Flow regimes for a converging-diverging nozzle | p. 74 |
| Applications of the integral forms of the equations of motion | p. 76 |
| Pressure rise and mixing losses at a sudden expansion | p. 76 |
| Ejector performance | p. 78 |
| Fluid force on turbomachinery blading | p. 80 |
| The Euler turbine equation | p. 83 |
| Thrust force on an inlet | p. 84 |
| Thrust of a cylindrical tube with heating or cooling (idealized ramjet) | p. 86 |
| Oblique shock waves | p. 87 |
| Boundary layers | p. 89 |
| Features of boundary layers in ducts | p. 89 |
| The influence of boundary layers on the flow outside the viscous region | p. 91 |
| Turbulent boundary layers | p. 94 |
| Inflow and outflow in fluid devices: separation and the asymmetry of real fluid motions | p. 94 |
| Qualitative considerations concerning flow separation from solid surfaces | p. 94 |
| The contrast between flow in and out of a pipe | p. 96 |
| Flow through a bent tube as an illustration of the principles | p. 98 |
| Flow through a sharp edged orifice | p. 100 |
| Vorticity and circulation | p. 104 |
| Introduction | p. 104 |
| Vorticity kinematics | p. 105 |
| Vortex lines and vortex tubes | p. 107 |
| Behavior of vortex lines at a solid surface | p. 110 |
| Vorticity dynamics | p. 111 |
| Vorticity changes in an incompressible, uniform density, inviscid flow with conservative body force | p. 112 |
| Examples: Secondary flow in a bend, horseshoe vortices upstream of struts | p. 114 |
| Vorticity changes and angular momentum changes | p. 117 |
| Vorticity changes in an incompressible, non-uniform density, inviscid flow | p. 119 |
| Examples of vorticity creation due to density non-uniformity | p. 121 |
| Vorticity changes in a uniform density, viscous flow with conservative body forces | p. 122 |
| Vorticity changes and viscous torques | p. 124 |
| Diffusion and intensification of vorticity in a viscous vortex | p. 125 |
| Changes of vorticity in a fixed volume | p. 127 |
| Summary of vorticity evolution in an incompressible flow | p. 128 |
| Vorticity changes in a compressible inviscid flow | p. 128 |
| Circulation | p. 130 |
| Kelvin's Theorem | p. 130 |
| Circulation behavior in an incompressible flow | p. 132 |
| Uniform density inviscid flow with conservative body forces | p. 132 |
| Incompressible, non-uniform density, inviscid flow with conservative body forces | p. 134 |
| Uniform density viscous flow with conservative body forces | p. 135 |
| Circulation behavior in a compressible inviscid flow | p. 135 |
| Circulation generation due to shock motion in a non-homogeneous medium | p. 135 |
| Rate of change of circulation for a fixed contour | p. 137 |
| Rotational flow descriptions in terms of vorticity and circulation | p. 138 |
| Behavior of vortex tubes when D[Gamma]/Dt = 0 | p. 139 |
| Evolution of a non-uniform flow through a diffuser or nozzle | p. 140 |
| Trailing vorticity and trailing vortices | p. 142 |
| Generation of vorticity at solid surfaces | p. 144 |
| Generation of vorticity in a two-dimensional flow | p. 145 |
| Vorticity flux in thin shear layers (boundary layers and free shear layers) | p. 149 |
| Vorticity generation at a plane surface in a three-dimensional flow | p. 151 |
| Relation between kinematic and thermodynamic properties in an inviscid, non-heat-conducting fluid: Crocco's Theorem | p. 152 |
| Applications of Crocco's Theorem | p. 153 |
| The velocity field associated with a vorticity distribution | p. 156 |
| Application of the velocity representation to vortex tubes | p. 158 |
| Application to two-dimensional flow | p. 159 |
| Surface distributions of vorticity | p. 159 |
| Some specific velocity fields associated with vortex structures | p. 160 |
| Numerical methods based on the distribution of vorticity | p. 163 |
| Boundary layers and free shear layers | p. 166 |
| Introduction | p. 166 |
| Boundary layer behavior and device performance | p. 167 |
| The boundary layer equations for plane and curved surfaces | p. 170 |
| Plane surfaces | p. 170 |
| Extension to curved surfaces | p. 173 |
| Boundary layer integral quantities and the equations that describe them | p. 173 |
| Boundary layer integral thicknesses | p. 173 |
| Integral forms of the boundary layer equations | p. 176 |
| Laminar boundary layers | p. 177 |
| Laminar boundary layer behavior in favorable and adverse pressure gradients | p. 177 |
| Laminar boundary layer separation | p. 179 |
| Laminar-turbulent boundary layer transition | p. 182 |
| Turbulent boundary layers | p. 184 |
| The time mean equations for turbulent boundary layers | p. 184 |
| The composite nature of a turbulent boundary layer | p. 187 |
| Introductory discussion of turbulent shear stress | p. 189 |
| Boundary layer thickness and wall shear stress in laminar and turbulent flow | p. 191 |
| Vorticity and velocity fluctuations in turbulent flow | p. 193 |
| Applications of boundary layer analysis: viscous-inviscid interaction in a diffuser | p. 195 |
| Qualitative description of viscous-inviscid interaction | p. 197 |
| Quantitative description of viscous-inviscid interaction | p. 198 |
| Extensions of interactive boundary layer theory to other situations | p. 201 |
| Turbulent boundary layer separation | p. 201 |
| Free turbulent flows | p. 202 |
| Similarity solutions for incompressible uniform-density free shear layers | p. 202 |
| The mixing layer between two streams | p. 205 |
| The effects of compressibility on free shear layer mixing | p. 208 |
| Appropriateness of the similarity solutions | p. 210 |
| Turbulent entrainment | p. 211 |
| Jets and wakes in pressure gradients | p. 212 |
| Loss sources and loss accounting | p. 217 |
| Introduction | p. 217 |
| Losses and entropy change | p. 218 |
| Losses in a spatially uniform flow through a screen or porous plate | p. 218 |
| Irreversibility, entropy generation, and lost work | p. 220 |
| Lost work accounting in fluid components and systems | p. 222 |
| Loss accounting and mixing in spatially non-uniform flows | p. 225 |
| Boundary layer losses | p. 227 |
| Entropy generation in boundary layers on adiabatic walls | p. 227 |
| The boundary layer dissipation coefficient | p. 230 |
| Estimation of turbomachinery blade profile losses | p. 233 |
| Mixing losses | p. 234 |
| Mixing of two streams with non-uniform stagnation pressure and/or temperature | p. 234 |
| The limiting case of low Mach number (M[superscript 2] [less than less than] 1) mixing | p. 237 |
| Comments on loss metrics for flows with non-uniform temperatures | p. 239 |
| Mixing losses from fluid injection into a stream | p. 239 |
| Irreversibility in mixing | p. 241 |
| A caveat: smoothing out of a flow non-uniformity does not always imply loss | p. 242 |
| Averaging in non-uniform flows: the average stagnation pressure | p. 244 |
| Representation of a non-uniform flow by equivalent average quantities | p. 244 |
| Averaging procedures in an incompressible uniform-density flow | p. 245 |
| Effect of velocity distribution on average stagnation pressure (incompressible, uniform-density flow) | p. 248 |
| Averaging procedures in compressible flow | p. 250 |
| Appropriate average values for stagnation quantities in a non-uniform flow | p. 253 |
| Streamwise evolution of losses in fluid devices | p. 258 |
| Stagnation pressure averages and integral boundary layer parameters | p. 258 |
| Comparison of losses within a device to losses from downstream mixing | p. 261 |
| Effect of base pressure on mixing losses | p. 262 |
| Effect of pressure level on average properties and mixing losses | p. 267 |
| Two-stream mixing | p. 267 |
| Mixing of a linear shear flow in a diffuser or nozzle | p. 269 |
| Wake mixing | p. 273 |
| Losses in turbomachinery cascades | p. 274 |
| Summary concerning loss generation and characterization | p. 277 |
| Unsteady flow | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| The inherent unsteadiness of fluid machinery | p. 279 |
| The reduced frequency | p. 281 |
| An example of the role of reduced frequency: unsteady flow in a channel | p. 282 |
| Examples of unsteady flows | p. 286 |
| Stagnation pressure changes in an irrotational incompressible flow | p. 286 |
| The starting transient for incompressible flow exiting a tank | p. 286 |
| Stagnation pressure variations due to the motion of an isolated airfoil | p. 288 |
| Moving blade row (moving row of bound vortices) | p. 290 |
| Unsteady wake structure and energy separation | p. 292 |
| Shear layer instability | p. 297 |
| Instability of a vortex sheet (Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) | p. 298 |
| General features of parallel shear layer instability | p. 300 |
| Waves and oscillation in fluid systems: system instabilities | p. 303 |
| Transfer matrices (transmission matrices) for fluid components | p. 305 |
| Examples of unsteady behavior in fluid systems | p. 310 |
| Nonlinear oscillations in fluid systems | p. 315 |
| Multi-dimensional unsteady disturbances in a compressible inviscid flow | p. 321 |
| Examples of fluid component response to unsteady disturbances | p. 324 |
| Interaction of entropy and pressure disturbances | p. 324 |
| Interaction of vorticity and pressure disturbances | p. 328 |
| Disturbance interaction caused by shock waves | p. 334 |
| Irrotational disturbances and upstream influence in a compressible flow | p. 334 |
| Summary concerning small amplitude unsteady disturbances | p. 336 |
| Some Features of unsteady viscous flows | p. 337 |
| Flow due to an oscillating boundary | p. 337 |
| Oscillating channel flow | p. 338 |
| Unsteady boundary layers | p. 340 |
| Dynamic stall | p. 343 |
| Turbomachine wake behavior in an unsteady environment | p. 344 |
| Flow in rotating passages | p. 347 |
| Introduction | p. 347 |
| Equations of motion in a rotating coordinate system | p. 347 |
| Rotating coordinate systems and Coriolis accelerations | p. 349 |
| Centrifugal accelerations in a uniform density fluid: the reduced static pressure | p. 353 |
| Illustrations of Coriolis and centrifugal forces in a rotating coordinate system | p. 353 |
| Conserved quantities in a steady rotating flow | p. 355 |
| Phenomena in flows where rotation dominates | p. 357 |
| Non-dimensional parameters: the Rossby and Ekman numbers | p. 357 |
| Inviscid flow at low Rossby number: the Taylor-Proudman Theorem | p. 358 |
| Viscous flow at low Rossby number: Ekman layers | p. 359 |
| Changes in vorticity and circulation in a rotating flow | p. 363 |
| Flow in two-dimensional rotating straight channels | p. 365 |
| Inviscid flow | p. 365 |
| Coriolis effects on boundary layer mixing and stability | p. 367 |
| Three-dimensional flow in rotating passages | p. 369 |
| Generation of cross-plane circulation in a rotating passage | p. 369 |
| Fully developed viscous flow in a rotating square duct | p. 373 |
| Comments on viscous flow development in rotating passages | p. 378 |
| Two-dimensional flow in rotating diffusing passages | p. 380 |
| Quasi-one-dimensional approximation | p. 380 |
| Two-dimensional inviscid flow in a rotating diffusing blade passage | p. 382 |
| Effects of rotation on diffuser performance | p. 384 |
| Features of the relative flow in axial turbomachine passages | p. 385 |
| Swirling flow | p. 389 |
| Introduction | p. 389 |
| Incompressible, uniform-density, inviscid swirling flows in simple radial equilibrium | p. 390 |
| Examples of simple radial equilibrium flows | p. 391 |
| Rankine vortex flow | p. 393 |
| Upstream influence in a swirling flow | p. 394 |
| Effects of circulation and stagnation pressure distributions on upstream influence | p. 397 |
| Instability in swirling flow | p. 404 |
| Waves on vortex cores | p. 406 |
| Control volume equations for a vortex core | p. 406 |
| Wave propagation in unconfined geometries | p. 408 |
| Wave propagation and flow regimes in confined geometries: swirl stabilization of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability | p. 410 |
| Features of steady vortex core flows | p. 411 |
| Pressure gradients along a vortex core centerline | p. 411 |
| Axial and circumferential velocity distributions in vortex cores | p. 414 |
| Applicability of the Rankine vortex model | p. 414 |
| Vortex core response to external conditions | p. 416 |
| Unconfined geometries (steady vortex cores with specified external pressure variation) | p. 416 |
| Confined geometries (steady vortex cores in ducts with specified area variation) | p. 420 |
| Discontinuous vortex core behavior | p. 422 |
| Swirling flow boundary layers | p. 426 |
| Swirling flow boundary layers on stationary surfaces and separation in swirling flow | p. 426 |
| Swirling flow boundary layers on rotating surfaces | p. 431 |
| The enclosed rotating disk | p. 433 |
| Internal flow in gas turbine engine rotating disk cavities | p. 434 |
| Swirling jets | p. 437 |
| Recirculation in axisymmetric swirling flow and vortex breakdown | p. 440 |
| Generation of streamwise vorticity and three-dimensional flow | p. 446 |
| Introduction | p. 446 |
| A basic illustration of secondary flow: a boundary layer in a bend | p. 446 |
| Qualitative description | p. 446 |
| A simple estimate for streamwise vorticity generation and cross-flow plane velocity components | p. 448 |
| A quantitative look at secondary flow in a bend: measurements and three-dimensional computations | p. 451 |
| Additional examples of secondary flow | p. 451 |
| Outflow of swirling fluid from a container | p. 451 |
| Secondary flow in an S-shaped duct | p. 455 |
| Streamwise vorticity and secondary flow in a two-dimensional contraction | p. 456 |
| Three-dimensional flow in turbine passages | p. 457 |
| Expressions for the growth of secondary circulation in an inviscid flow | p. 461 |
| Incompressible uniform density fluid | p. 461 |
| Incompressible non-uniform density fluid | p. 463 |
| Perfect gas with constant specific heats | p. 464 |
| Applications of secondary flow analyses | p. 465 |
| Approximations based on convection of vorticity by a primary flow | p. 465 |
| Flow with large distortion of the stream surfaces | p. 466 |
| Three-dimensional boundary layers: further remarks on effects of viscosity in secondary flow | p. 469 |
| Secondary flow in a rotating reference frame | p. 472 |
| Absolute vorticity as a measure of secondary circulation | p. 472 |
| Generation of secondary circulation in a rotating reference frame | p. 473 |
| Expressions for, and examples of, secondary circulation in rotating systems | p. 474 |
| Non-uniform density flow in rotating passages | p. 477 |
| Secondary flow in rotating machinery | p. 477 |
| Radial migration of high temperature fluid in a turbine rotor | p. 478 |
| Streamwise vorticity and mixing enhancement | p. 481 |
| Lobed mixers and streamwise vorticity generation | p. 481 |
| Vortex-enhanced mixing | p. 484 |
| Additional aspects of mixing enhancement in lobed mixers | p. 491 |
| Fluid impulse and vorticity generation | p. 494 |
| Creation of a vortex ring by a distribution of impulses | p. 495 |
| Fluid impulse and lift on an airfoil | p. 497 |
| Far field behavior of a jet in cross-flow | p. 499 |
| Compressible internal flow | p. 506 |
| Introduction | p. 506 |
| Corrected flow per unit area | p. 506 |
| Generalized one-dimensional compressible flow analysis | p. 509 |
| Differential equations for one-dimensional flow | p. 509 |
| Influence coefficient matrix for one-dimensional flow | p. 512 |
| Effects of shaft work and body forces | p. 512 |
| Effects of friction and heat addition on compressible channel flow | p. 517 |
| Constant area adiabatic flow with friction | p. 517 |
| Constant area frictionless flow with heat addition | p. 518 |
| Results for area change, friction, and heat addition | p. 519 |
| Starting and operation of supersonic diffusers and inlets | p. 522 |
| The problem of starting a supersonic flow | p. 522 |
| The use of variable geometry to start the flow | p. 524 |
| Starting of supersonic inlets | p. 525 |
| Characteristics of supersonic flow in passages and channels | p. 527 |
| Turbomachinery blade passages | p. 527 |
| Shock wave patterns in ducts and shock train behavior | p. 528 |
| Extensions of the one-dimensional concepts - I: axisymmetric compressible swirling flow | p. 532 |
| Development of equations for compressible swirling flow | p. 533 |
| Application of influence coefficients for axisymmetric compressible swirling flow | p. 537 |
| Behavior of connected flow per unit area in a compressible swirling flow | p. 544 |
| Extensions of the one-dimensional concepts - II: compound-compressible channel flow | p. 546 |
| Introduction to compound flow: two-stream low Mach number (incompressible) flow in a converging nozzle | p. 546 |
| Qualitative considerations for multistream compressible flow | p. 549 |
| Compound-compressible channel flow theory | p. 551 |
| One-dimensional compound waves | p. 554 |
| Results for two-stream compound-compressible flows | p. 556 |
| Flow angle, Mach number, and pressure changes in isentropic supersonic flow | p. 564 |
| Differential relationships for small angle changes | p. 565 |
| Relationships for finite angle changes: Prandtl-Meyer flows | p. 567 |
| Flow field invariance to stagnation temperature distribution: the Munk and Prim substitution principle | p. 569 |
| Two-dimensional flow | p. 570 |
| Three-dimensional flow | p. 572 |
| Flow from a reservoir with non-uniform stagnation temperature | p. 573 |
| Flow with heat addition | p. 575 |
| Introduction: sources of heat addition | p. 575 |
| Heat addition and vorticity generation | p. 577 |
| Stagnation pressure decrease due to heat addition | p. 579 |
| Heat addition and flow state changes in propulsion devices | p. 582 |
| The H-K diagram | p. 582 |
| Flow processes in ramjet and scramjet systems | p. 586 |
| An illustration of the effect of condensation on compressible flow behavior | p. 590 |
| Swirling flow with heat addition | p. 592 |
| Results for vortex core behavior with heat addition | p. 596 |
| An approximate substitution principle for viscous heat conducting flow | p. 599 |
| Equations for flow with heat addition and mixing | p. 599 |
| Two-stream mixing as a model problem-I: constant area, low Mach number, uniform inlet stagnation pressure | p. 601 |
| Two-stream mixing as a model problem- II: non-uniform inlet stagnation pressures | p. 604 |
| Effects of inlet Mach number level | p. 605 |
| Applications of the approximate principle | p. 607 |
| Lobed mixer nozzles | p. 607 |
| Jets | p. 609 |
| Ejectors | p. 610 |
| Mixing of streams with non-uniform densities | p. 613 |
| Comments on the approximations | p. 614 |
| Non-uniform flow in fluid components | p. 615 |
| Introduction | p. 615 |
| An illustrative example of flow modeling: two-dimensional steady non-uniform flow through a screen | p. 616 |
| elocity and pressure field upstream of the screen | p. 617 |
| Flow in the downstream region | p. 620 |
| Matching conditions across the screen | p. 620 |
| Overall features of the solution | p. 622 |
| Nonlinear effects | p. 625 |
| Disturbance length scales and the assumption of inviscid flow | p. 625 |
| Applications to creation of a velocity non-uniformity using screens | p. 628 |
| Flow through a uniform inclined screen | p. 628 |
| Pressure drop and velocity field with partial duct blockage | p. 629 |
| Enhancing flow uniformity in diffusing passages | p. 631 |
| Upstream influence and component interaction | p. 634 |
| Non-axisymmetric (asymmetric) flow in axial compressors | p. 637 |
| Flow upstream of the compressor | p. 638 |
| Flow downstream of the compressor | p. 639 |
| Matching conditions across the compressor | p. 640 |
| Behavior of the axial velocity and upstream static pressure | p. 641 |
| Generation of non-uniform flow by circumferentially varying tip clearance | p. 644 |
| Additional examples of upstream effects in turbomachinery flows | p. 645 |
| Turbine engine effects on inlet performance | p. 645 |
| Strut-vane row interaction: upstream influence with two different length scales | p. 647 |
| Unsteady compressor response to asymmetric flow | p. 648 |
| Self-excited propagating disturbances in axial compressors and compressor instability | p. 651 |
| A deeper look at the effects of circumferentially varying tip clearance | p. 653 |
| Axial compressor response to circumferentially propagating distortions | p. 654 |
| Nonlinear descriptions of compressor behavior in asymmetric flow | p. 655 |
| Non-axisymmetric flow in annular diffusers and compressor-component coupling | p. 658 |
| Quasi-two-dimensional description of non-axisymmetric flow in an annular diffuser | p. 661 |
| Features of the diffuser inlet static pressure field | p. 663 |
| Compressor-component coupling | p. 666 |
| Effects of flow non-uniformity on diffuser performance | p. 668 |
| Introduction to non-axisymmetric swirling flows | p. 673 |
| A simple approach for long length scale non-uniformity | p. 675 |
| Explicit forms of the velocity disturbances | p. 677 |
| Flow angle disturbances | p. 677 |
| Relations between stagnation pressure, static pressure, and flow angle disturbances | p. 678 |
| Overall features of non-axisymmetric swirling flow | p. 678 |
| A secondary flow approach to non-axisymmetric swirling flow | p. 682 |
| References | p. 683 |
| Supplementary references appearing in figures | p. 698 |
| Index | p. 700 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780521036726
ISBN-10: 0521036720
Series: Cambridge Engine Technology Series
Published: 31st May 2007
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 736
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 24.2 x 16.7 x 3.8
Weight (kg): 1.15
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