International Geophysics Volume 102

Volume 102

By: Carmen Nappo

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Hardcover | 28 September 2012 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
400 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
22.9 x 15.2 x 1.91

Hardcover

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Gravity waves exist in all types of geophysical fluids, such as lakes, oceans, and atmospheres. They play an important role in redistributing energy at disturbances, such as mountains or seamounts and they are routinely studied in meteorology and oceanography, particularly simulation models, atmospheric weather models, turbulence, air pollution, and climate research.

An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves provides readers with a working background of the fundamental physics and mathematics of gravity waves, and introduces a wide variety of applications and numerous recent advances.

Nappo provides a concise volume on gravity waves with a lucid discussion of current observational techniques and instrumentation.An accompanying website contains real data, computer codes for data analysis, and linear gravity wave models to further enhance the reader's understanding of the book's material.

Companion web site features animations and streaming video
Foreword by George Chimonas, a renowned expert on the interactions of gravity waves with turbulence
Includes a new application-based component for use in climate and weather predictions

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Preface	p. xv
Fundamentals
Introduction	p. 1
Some Wave Mechanics	p. 9
Waves, Harmonics, and Modes	p. 11
Frames of Reference	p. 12
Wave Scales	p. 13
Wave Phase and Wave Speed	p. 15
Group Velocity	p. 18
Wave Dispersion	p. 22
The Buoyant Force	p. 22
The Boussinesq Approximation	p. 26
The Linear Theory
Introduction	p. 29
The Taylor-Goldstein Equation	p. 31
A Simple Solution	p. 37
No Background Wind Speed	p. 37
Constant Background Wind Speed	p. 42
The WKB or "Slowly Varying" Method	p. 46
Energetics	p. 47
Wave Energy	p. 47
Wave-Activity Conservation Laws	p. 52
Wave Action	p. 52
Pseudo-Energy and Pseudo-Momentum	p. 53
Mountain Waves
Introduction	p. 57
Uniform Flow Over a Surface Corrugation	p. 61
The Two-Dimensional Mountain	p. 67
The Three-Dimensional Mountain	p. 76
Nonorographic Gravity Waves	p. 81
Ducted Gravity Waves
Introduction	p. 87
Wave Reflection and Refraction at an Elevated Layer	p. 89
Wave Trapping, Energy Flux, and Wave Resonance	p. 96
Reflection at the Ground Surface	p. 98
Wave Ducts	p. 102
The Pure Temperature Duct	p. 102
The Pure Wind Duct	p. 105
Wind Spirals and Ducts	p. 109
Mountain Lee Waves	p. 112
Gravity Wave Instability and Turbulence
Introduction	p. 117
Parcel Exchange Analysis of Flow Stability	p. 118
Wave Instability	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability	p. 122
Tim Stability of Shear Flows	p. 127
Inflection Point Instability	p. 128
Instability of Stratified Shear Flows	p. 130
The Critical Level	p. 133
Neutral, Stable, and Unstable Modes	p. 140
Wave-Modulated Richardson Number	p. 143
Wave-Turbulence Coupling	p. 147
Jefferys' Roll-Wave Instability Mechanism	p. 151
Wave Stress
Introduction	p. 159
Mathematical Derivation	p. 160
Variation of Wave Stress with Height	p. 162
Mountain Wave Stress	p. 164
Wave Stress Over a Surface Corrugation	p. 164
Wave Stress Over an Isolated Two-Dimensional Mountain	p. 166
Wave Stress Over Three-Dimensional Objects	p. 168
Secondary Effects of Wave Drag	p. 174
Direction Forcing	p. 174
Lee Wave Drag Over a Two-Dimensional Mountain	p. 175
Momentum Flux Due to Mountain Lee Waves	p. 176
Gravity Waves in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere
Introduction	p. 181
Background	p. 182
Interia-Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere	p. 187
Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere	p. 190
Rossby Wave	p. 190
Tropical Atmosphere	p. 191
Vertically Propagating Rossby-Gravity Waves	p. 192
The Kelvin Wave	p. 193
Midlatitude Wave Spectra	p. 194
High-Frequency Waves: >> f	p. 194
Mid-Frequency Waves: f >> >> N	p. 195
Low-Frequency Range: ∼ f	p. 196
Modeling the Gravity Wave Fluxes in the MUA	p. 197
Hydrodynamic Models	p. 197
Ray Tracing	p. 197
Wave Stress Parameterization
Introduction	p. 201
Wave Breaking, Wave Saturation, and Eddy Diffusivity	p. 202
Wave Breaking Heights	p. 205
Wave-Saturation Parameterization	p. 208
Parameterization Methods	p. 209
Sawyer Method	p. 209
Lindzen-Holton Method	p. 209
Tim Palmer Method	p. 215
The McFarlane Method	p. 217
The Schoeberl Method	p. 221
The Terrain-Height Adjustment Scheme	p. 222
Saturation Limits and Other Problems	p. 226
Observations and Measurements of Gravity Waves
Introduction	p. 231
Ground-Based Measurements	p. 233
Pressure	p. 234
Static Pressure Ports	p. 235
Noise Filtering	p. 237
Sampling Arrays	p. 245
Free-Balloon Soundings	p. 249
Tethered Lifting Systems	p. 252
Superpressure Balloons	p. 253
Aircraft	p. 263
Remote Measurements	p. 264
Radar	p. 265
Doppler Radar	p. 266
FM-CW Radar	p. 267
Sodar	p. 268
Lidar	p. 270
Airglow	p. 272
Satellites and Global Positioning Systems	p. 274
Photographic Analyses	p. 274
Sounding Rocket	p. 274
GPS Radio-Occultation Sounding	p. 275
Microwave Limb Sounding	p. 276
Gravity Wave Analyses
Introduction	p. 279
Analyses of Tropospheric Gravity Waves	p. 280
Initial Steeps	p. 281
Spectral Analysis	p. 282
Wavelet Analysis	p. 283
Band-Pass Filtering	p. 288
Lag Analysis	p. 289
Cross-Correlation Lag Analysis	p. 291
Beamsteering	p. 293
Beamsteering in the Slowness Domain	p. 293
Beamsteering in the Frequency Domain	p. 295
Array Response and Examples	p. 296
Impedance	p. 297
Analysis Results	p. 299
Gravity Wave Analyses in the MUA	p. 303
Wavelet Analysis	p. 304
Hodograph Analysis	p. 305
The Hydrostatic Atmosphere
The Hydrostatic Approximation	p. 309
The Scale Height of the Isothermal Atmosphere	p. 310
Adiabatic Lapse Rate	p. 310
Potential Temperature	p. 310
Boussinesq Relations	p. 311
The Geostrophic Wind	p. 312
The Critical Level	p. 313
Convolution	p. 315
The Eckman Wind Spiral	p. 316
Numerical Methods	p. 317
Mountain Waves	p. 317
Ducted Gravity Waves	p. 320
Bibliography	p. 323
Index	p. 343
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

International Geophysics Volume 102

Volume 102

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

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