Introducing Second Language Acquisition

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 Introduction 1

Reference 4

2 First Language Acquisition 5

2.1 Chapter overview 6

2.2 From sound to word 6

2.3 From word to sentence 10

2.4 Theoretical views 13

2.5 First language vs second language acquisition 18

2.6 Summing up 26

Key concepts 26

Self?assessment questions 27

Discussion questions 28

Exercises / Project ideas 28

References 30

Further reading and viewing 32

3 Language Learning Contexts 35

3.1 Chapter overview 36

3.2 Naturalistic contexts 36

3.3 Instructed learning / Instructed second language acquisition 41

3.4 Summing up 55

Key concepts 55

Self?assessment questions 55

Discussion questions 56

Exercises / Project ideas 57

References 57

Further reading and viewing 60

4 Theoretical Perspectives: Past and Present 63

4.1 Chapter overview 64

4.2 Contrastive analysis 65

4.3 Error analysis 68

4.4 Universal grammar 71

4.5 The monitor model / Input hypothesis 74

4.6 The sociocultural approach 78

4.7 Summing up 81

Key concepts 81

Self-assessment questions 82

Discussion questions 83

Exercises / Project ideas 83

References 84

Further reading and viewing 86

5 Theoretical Perspectives: Cognitive Approaches 89

5.1 Chapter overview 90

5.2 Information processing / cognitive approach 90

5.3 Skill acquisition theory 92

5.4 The interaction approach 93

5.5 Input processing 101

5.6 Emergentism and usage?based approaches 102

5.7 Summing up 107

Key concepts 107

Self-assessment questions 108

Discussion questions 109

Exercises / Project ideas 110

References 110

Further reading and viewing 113

6 Teaching Approaches and Instructional Issues 115

6.1 Chapter overview 116

6.2 Historical and current perspectives on language teaching 117

6.3 Classroom instructional issues 129

6.4 Summing up 144

Key concepts 145

Self?assessment questions 145

Discussion questions 146

Exercises / Project ideas 147

References 147

Further reading and viewing 150

7 Second Language Development 153

7.1 Chapter overview 154

7.2 Common processes and influences 155

7.3 L2 development across linguistic subfields 162

7.4 Investigating learner language: Language corpora 180

7.5 Summing up 181

Key concepts 181

Self?assessment questions 182

Discussion questions 183

Exercises / Project ideas 183

References 183

Further reading and viewing 190

8 The Age Factor 193

8.1 Chapter overview 194

8.2 The critical period hypothesis 194

8.3 Abnormal instances: Children raised in isolation 198

8.4 Empirical studies 199

8.5 Exceptional cases 210

8.6 Summing up 211

Key concepts 212

Self?assessment questions 212

Discussion questions 213

Exercises / Project ideas 214

References 214

Further reading and viewing 216

9 Individual Differences 219

9.1 Chapter overview 220

9.2 Intelligence 220

9.3 Language learning aptitude 222

9.4 Attitudes and motivation 228

9.5 Personality 234

9.6 Learning style and cognitive style 236

9.7 Learning strategies 240

9.8 Summing up 243

Key concepts 243

Self-assessment questions 244

Discussion questions 245

Exercises / Project ideas 246

References 246

Further reading and viewing 252

10 Bilingualism and Multilingualism 255

10.1 Chapter overview 256

10.2 Bilingual development 260

10.3 Bilingual lexical representation and lexical access 267

10.4 Bilingual cognition 273

10.5 Multilingualism 274

10.6 Summing up 276

Key concepts 276

Self?assessment questions 277

Discussion questions 278

Exercises / Project ideas 278

References 278

Further reading and viewing 283

11 Concluding Words 285

11.1 Conclusion 285

11.2 Epilogue 286

Glossary 289

Index 301