Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics | p. xvii |
Author | p. xix |
Fundamental Concepts | p. 1 |
Definition of a Fluid | p. 1 |
Dimensions and Units | p. 2 |
Properties of Fluids | p. 7 |
Viscosity | p. 7 |
Time-Independent Fluids | p. 9 |
Time-Dependent Fluids | p. 9 |
Viscoelastic Fluids | p. 9 |
Pressure | p. 12 |
Density | p. 12 |
Kinematic Viscosity | p. 13 |
Surface Tension | p. 13 |
Specific Heat | p. 16 |
Internal Energy | p. 18 |
Enthalpy | p. 19 |
Compressibility Factor/Bulk Modulus | p. 19 |
Ideal Gas Law | p. 21 |
Liquids and Gases | p. 22 |
Continuum | p. 22 |
Problems | p. 23 |
Fluid Statics | p. 35 |
Pressure and Pressure Measurement | p. 35 |
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces | p. 47 |
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces | p. 55 |
Equilibrium of Accelerating Fluids | p. 61 |
Forces on Submerged Bodies | p. 67 |
Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies | p. 71 |
Summary | p. 75 |
Problems | p. 76 |
Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics | p. 101 |
Kinematics of Flow | p. 101 |
Control Volume Approach | p. 103 |
Continuity Equation | p. 107 |
Momentum Equation | p. 112 |
Linear Momentum Equation | p. 113 |
Angular Momentum Equation | p. 117 |
Energy Equation | p. 120 |
Bernoulli's Equation | p. 126 |
Summary | p. 135 |
Problems | p. 135 |
Dimensional Analysis and Dynamic Similitude | p. 155 |
Dimensional Homogeneity and Analysis | p. 155 |
Rayleigh Method | p. 157 |
Buckingham Pi Method | |
Dimensionless Ratios | p. 163 |
Flow in a Pipe or Conduit | p. 163 |
Flow over Immersed Bodies | p. 164 |
Open-Channel Flow | p. 164 |
Unbounded Flows | p. 165 |
Dimensional Analysis by Inspection | p. 165 |
Similitude | p. 167 |
Geometric Similarity | p. 168 |
Dynamic Similarity | p. 169 |
Modeling | p. 171 |
Correlation of Experimental Data | p. 175 |
Summary | p. 180 |
Problems | p. 180 |
Flow in Closed Conduits | p. 193 |
Laminar and Turbulent Flow | p. 193 |
Effect of Viscosity | p. 196 |
Entrance Effects | p. 197 |
Pipe Dimensions and Specifications | p. 199 |
Equivalent Diameters for Noncircular Ducts | p. 201 |
Equation of Motion | p. 203 |
The Friction Factor and Pipe Roughness | p. 206 |
Flow through Pipes of Noncircular Cross Sections | p. 211 |
Flow through an Annulus | p. 213 |
Miscellaneous Geometries | p. 216 |
Simple Piping Systems | p. 216 |
Minor Losses | p. 227 |
Forces Exerted on Fittings by Moving Fluids | p. 240 |
Pipes in Parallel | p. 243 |
Pumps and Piping Systems | p. 247 |
Summary | p. 250 |
| p. 251 |
| p. Flow over Im |
Boundary-Layer Growth and Separation | p. 269 |
Boundary-Layer Growth | p. 269 |
Separation | p. 275 |
Drag on Various Two-Dimensional Bodies | p. 276 |
Drag on Various Three-Dimensional Bodies | p. 283 |
Applications to Ground Vehicles | p. 287 |
Bicycle-Rider Combinations | p. 288 |
Automobiles | p. 293 |
Tractor-Trailer Trucks | p. 293 |
Lift on Airfoils | p. 298 |
Summary | p. 305 |
Problems | p. 305 |
Flow in Open Channels | p. 325 |
Types of Open-Channel Flows | p. 325 |
Open-Channel Geometry Factors | p. 326 |
Energy Considerations in Open-Channel Flows | p. 329 |
Flow under a Sluice Gate | p. 329 |
Flow through a Venturi Flume | p. 331 |
Critical Flow Calculations | p. 335 |
Equations for Uniform Open-Channel Flows | p. 338 |
Laminar Open-Channel Flow | p. 338 |
Reynolds Number and Transition | p. 341 |
Turbulent Open-Channel Flow | p. 342 |
Hydraulically Optimum Cross Section | p. 348 |
Nonuniform Open-Channel Flow | p. 351 |
Gradually Varied Flow | p. 351 |
Rapidly Varied Flow | p. 361 |
Summary | p. 367 |
Problems | p. 367 |
Compressible Flow | p. 377 |
Sonic Velocity and Mach Number | p. 378 |
Stagnation Properties and Isentropic Flow | p. 382 |
Flow through a Channel of Varying Area | p. 386 |
Normal Shock Waves | p. 397 |
Compressible Flow with Friction | p. 404 |
Compressible Flow with Heat Transfer | p. 409 |
Summary | p. 416 |
Problems | p. 416 |
Turbomachinery | p. 423 |
Equations of Turbomachinery | p. 424 |
Axial-Flow Turbines | p. 430 |
Axial-Flow Compressors, Pumps, and Fans | p. 453 |
Radial-Flow Turbines | p. 466 |
Radial-Flow Compressors and Pumps | p. 470 |
Power-Absorbing versus Power-Producing Machines | p. 476 |
Dimensional Analysis of Turbomachinery | p. 478 |
Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps | p. 479 |
Performance Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbines | p. 487 |
Summary | p. 488 |
Problems | p. 489 |
Measurements in Fluid Mechanics | p. 495 |
Measurement of Viscosity | p. 495 |
Measurement of Static and Stagnation Pressures | p. 500 |
Measurement of Velocity | p. 501 |
Measurement of Flow Rates in Closed Conduits | p. 506 |
Measurements in Open-Channel Flows | p. 531 |
Summary | p. 536 |
Problems | p. 537 |
The Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 543 |
Equations of Motion | p. 543 |
Applications to Laminar Flow | p. 546 |
Flow in a Circular Duct | p. 546 |
Flow down an Inclined Plane | p. 549 |
Flow through a Straight Channel | p. 550 |
Plane Couette Flow | p. 552 |
Flow between Two Rotating Concentric Cylinders | p. 555 |
Graphical Solution Methods for Unsteady Laminar Flow Problems | p. 557 |
Suddenly Accelerated Flat Plate | p. 559 |
Unsteady Plane Couette Flow | p. 562 |
Unsteady Flow between Concentric Circular Cylinders | p. 563 |
Unsteady Flow in a Plane Channel (Start-Up Flow) | p. 565 |
Introduction to Turbulent Flow | p. 568 |
Summary | p. 576 |
Problems | p. 576 |
Inviscid Flow | p. 583 |
Equations of Two-Dimensional Inviscid Flows | p. 583 |
Continuity Equation | p. 584 |
Momentum Equation | p. 584 |
Stream Function and Velocity Potential | p. 585 |
Irrotational Flow | p. 591 |
Laplace's Equation and Various Flow Fields | p. 595 |
Uniform Flow | p. 597 |
Source Flow | p. 597 |
Sink Flow | p. 599 |
Irrotational Vortex Flow | p. 601 |
Combined Flows and Superpositions | p. 606 |
Flow about a Half-Body | p. 606 |
Source and Sink of Equal Strengths | p. 608 |
Flow about a Doublet | p. 609 |
Flow about a Rankine Body | p. 611 |
Flow about a Circular Cylinder | p. 613 |
Flow about a Circular Cylinder with Circulation | p. 617 |
Inviscid Flow Past an Airfoil | p. 620 |
Summary | p. 621 |
Problems | p. 622 |
Boundary-Layer Flow | p. 627 |
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow | p. 628 |
Equations of Motion for the Boundary Layer | p. 630 |
Laminar Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate | p. 632 |
Momentum Integral Equation | p. 638 |
Momentum Integral Method for Laminar Flow over a Flat Plate | p. 640 |
Momentum Integral Method for Turbulent Flow over a Flat Plate | p. 645 |
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow over a Flat Plate | p. 649 |
Summary | p. 652 |
Problems | p. 652 |
Appendices | p. 657 |
Bibliography | p. 707 |
Answers to Selected Problems | p. 709 |
Index | p. 713 |
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