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The Foundation of Euclidean Geometry | |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Definitions | p. 2 |
The Common Notions | p. 4 |
The Postulates | p. 4 |
Tacit Assumptions Made by Euclid. Superposition | p. 5 |
The Infinitude of the Line | p. 6 |
Pasch's Axiom | p. 9 |
The Principle of Continuity | p. 10 |
The Postulate System of Hilbert | p. 12 |
The Fifth Postulate | |
Introduction | p. 17 |
Substitutes for the Fifth Postulate | p. 20 |
Playfair's Axiom | p. 20 |
The Angle-Sum of a Triangle | p. 21 |
The Existence of Similar Figures | p. 23 |
Equidistant Straight Lines | p. 25 |
Other Substitutes | p. 25 |
Attempts to Prove the Fifth Postulate | p. 26 |
Ptolemy | p. 26 |
Proclus | p. 27 |
Nasiraddin | p. 28 |
Wallis | p. 29 |
Saccheri | p. 30 |
Lambert | p. 33 |
Legendre | p. 34 |
Some Fallacies in Attempts to Prove the Postulate | p. 39 |
The Rotation Proof | p. 40 |
Comparison of Infinite Areas | p. 41 |
The Discovery of Non-Euclidean Geometry | |
Introduction | p. 44 |
Gauss | p. 45 |
Bolyai | p. 48 |
Lobachewsky | p. 53 |
Wachter, Schweikart and Taurinus | p. 56 |
Riemann | p. 60 |
Further Developments | p. 63 |
Conclusion | p. 63 |
Hyperbolic Plane Geometry | |
Introduction | p. 65 |
The Characteristic Postulate of Hyperbolic Geometry | p. 66 |
Elementary Properties of Parallels | p. 68 |
Ideal Points | p. 71 |
Some Properties of an Important Figure | p. 72 |
The Angle of Parallelism | p. 76 |
The Saccheri Quadrilateral | p. 77 |
The Lambert Quadrilateral | p. 79 |
The Sum of the Angles of a Triangle | p. 81 |
The Common Perpendicular of Two Non-Intersecting Lines | p. 84 |
Ultra-Ideal Points | p. 85 |
The Variation in the Distance between Two Lines | p. 86 |
The Perpendicular Bisectors of the Sides of a Triangle | p. 90 |
The Construction of the Parallels to a Line through a Point | p. 93 |
The Construction of a Common Parallel to Two Intersecting Lines | p. 97 |
The Construction of a Line Perpendicular to One of Two Intersecting Lines and Parallel to the Other | p. 99 |
Units of Length and Angle | p. 100 |
Associated Right Triangles | p. 101 |
The Construction of a Triangle when Its Angles Are Given | p. 105 |
The Absolute | p. 107 |
Circles | p. 109 |
Corresponding Points | p. 110 |
Limiting Curves and Their Properties | p. 113 |
Equidistant Curves and Their Properties | p. 117 |
The Limiting Curve as Related to Circles and Equidistant Curves | p. 119 |
Area | p. 120 |
Equivalence of Polygons and Triangles | p. 122 |
Measure of Area | p. 127 |
The Triangle with Maximum Area | p. 128 |
Hyperbolic Plane Trigonometry | |
Introduction | p. 131 |
The Ratio of Corresponding Arcs of Concentric Limiting Curves | p. 131 |
Relations between the Parts of an Important Figure | p. 136 |
A Coördinate System and another Important Figure | p. 138 |
The Relations between Complementary Segments | p. 140 |
Relations among the Parts of a Right Triangle | p. 142 |
Relations among the Parts of the General Triangle | p. 145 |
The Relation between a Segment and Its Angle of Parallelism | p. 148 |
Simplified Formulas for the Right Triangle and the General Triangle | p. 152 |
The Parameter | p. 153 |
Applications of Calculus to the Solutions of Some Problems in Hyperbolic Geometry | |
Introduction | p. 157 |
The Differential of Arc in Cartesian Coördinates | p. 158 |
The Differential of Arc in Polar Coördinates | p. 160 |
The Circumference of a Circle and the Lengths of Arcs of Limiting Curve and Equidistant Curve | p. 161 |
The Area of a Fundamental Figure | p. 163 |
Limiting Curve Coördinates | p. 165 |
The Element of Area | p. 166 |
The Area of a Circle | p. 169 |
The Area of a Lambert Quadrilateral | p. 169 |
The Area of a Triangle | p. 171 |
Elliptic Plane Geometry and Trigonometry | |
Introduction | p. 173 |
The Characteristic Postulate of Elliptic Geometry and Its Immediate Consequences | p. 174 |
The Relation between Geometry on a Sphere and Elliptic Geometry | p. 177 |
The Two Elliptic Geometries | p. 179 |
Properties of Certain Quadrilaterals | p. 180 |
The Sum of the Angles of a Triangle | p. 182 |
The Trigonometry of the Elliptic Plane | p. 185 |
The Trigonometric Functions of an Angle | p. 185 |
Properties of a Variable Lambert Quadrilateral | p. 190 |
The Continuity of the Function (x) | p. 192 |
An Important Functional Equation | p. 193 |
The Function (x) | p. 194 |
The Relation among the Parts of a Right Triangle | p. 196 |
The Consistency of the Non-Euclidean Geometries | |
Introduction | p. 201 |
The Geometry of the Circles Orthogonal to a Fixed Circle | p. 204 |
The Nominal Length of a Segment of Nominal Line | p. 206 |
Displacement by Reflection | p. 208 |
Displacement in the Geometry of the Nominal Lines | p. 209 |
The Counterparts of Circles, Limiting Curves and Equidistant Curves | p. 213 |
The Relation between a Nominal Distance and Its Angle of Parallelism | p. 214 |
Conclusion | p. 217 |
Appendix | |
The Foundation of Euclidean Geometry | |
The Definitions of Book I | p. 218 |
The Postulates | p. 219 |
The Common Notions | p. 220 |
The Forty-Eight Propositions of Book I | p. 220 |
Circular and Hyperbolic Functions | |
The Trigonometric Functions | p. 223 |
The Hyperbolic Functions | p. 225 |
The Inverse Hyperbolic Functions | p. 228 |
Geometric Interpretation of Circular and Hyperbolic Functions | p. 229 |
The Theory of Orthogonal Circles and Allied Topics | |
The Power of a Point with Regard to a Circle | p. 232 |
The Radical Axis of Two Circles | p. 232 |
Orthogonal Circles | p. 234 |
Systems of Coaxal Circles | p. 235 |
The Elements of Inversion | |
Inversion | p. 237 |
The Inverse of a Circle and the Inverse of a Line | p. 238 |
The Effect of Inversion on Angles | p. 240 |
The Peaucellier Inversor | p. 240 |
Index | p. 245 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780486498508
ISBN-10: 0486498506
Series: Dover Books on Mathema 1.4tics
Published: 1st October 2012
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 254
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: DOVER
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 20.9 x 13.6 x 1.4
Weight (kg): 0.27
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