Preface and Text Organization v
Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1 Orientation to Personality 1
What is Personality Psychology? 1
Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality Psychology 4
Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book 6
Summary 18
Key Terms 18
Chapter 2 Data, Methods, and Tools 19
Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight Understanding 19
The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures 21
Conceptual and Methodological Tools 30
Establishing Relationships Among Observations 32
Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures 35
The Experimental Approach 37
Ethics in Personality Research 39
Summary 41
Key Terms 41
Part I The Trait-Dispositional Level
Prelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 43
Chapter 3 Types and Traits 45
Types and Traits 46
Trait Theorists 49
Common Features of Trait Theories 56
Taxonomy of Human Attributes 57
Evidence and Issues 61
Summary 70
Key Terms 71
Chapter 4 The Expressions of Dispositions 72
Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox 73
Incorporating Situations into Traits 75
Interactionism in Personality Psychology 82
Summary 88
Key Terms 88
Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level 89
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 89
Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional Level 90
Part II The Biological Level
Prelude to Part II: The Biological Level 93
Chapter 5 Heredity and Personality 95
Genetic Bases of Personality 96
Twin Studies 100
Gene–Environment Interaction 110
Summary 122
Key Terms 123
Chapter 6 Brain, Evolution, and Personality 124
Brain–Personality Links 124
Biological Assessment and Change 135
Evolutionary Theory and Personality 139
Summary 147
Key Terms 147
Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of Analysis 148
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 148
Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level 148
Part III The Psychodynamic-motivational Level
Prelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational Level 151
Chapter 7 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud’ Conceptions 155
Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism 157
Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind 159
Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics 164
Neurosis 167
Personality Development 170
Impact of Freud’s Theories 174
Summary 175
Key Terms 176
Chapter 8 Psychodynamic Applications and Processes 177
Applications to Personality Assessment 178
Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Motives 184
Treatment and Change 191
Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Unconscious 195
Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive Unconscious 199
Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive Avoidance 202
Summary 207
Key Terms 207
Chapter 9 Post-Freudian Psychodynamics 209
Toward Ego Psychology and the Self 210
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Personality Development 221
Object Relations Theory and the Self 226
Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations 228
Summary 236
Key Terms 237
Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic Level 238
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 238
Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic Level 239
Part IV The Behavioral-Conditioning Level
Prelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning Level 241
Chapter 10 Behavioral Conceptions 245
The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and Miller 246
Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms 247
Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional Associations 253
Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions 259
Summary 268
Key Terms 269
Chapter 11 Analyzing and Modifying Behavior 270
Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments 271
Direct Behavior Measurement 272
Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior 275
Changing Emotional Reactions 279
Changing Behavior 284
Summary 290
Key Terms 291
Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning Level 292
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 292
Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning Level 292
Part V The Phenomenological-humanistic Level
Prelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 295
Chapter 12 Phenomenological-Humanistic Conceptions 297
Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic Perspectives 298
Carl Rogers’s Self Theory 304
George Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs 312
Common Themes and Issues 320
Summary 322
Key Terms 322
Chapter 13 The Internal View 323
Exploring Internal Experience 323
Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One’s Experiences 333
Change and Well-Being 339
Summary 343
Key Terms 343
Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 344
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 344
Enduring Contributions of the Phenomenological-Humanistic Level 345
Part VI The Social Cognitive Level
Prelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level 347
Chapter 14 Social Cognitive Conceptions 349
Development of the Social Cognitive Level 349
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 352
Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter Mischel 357
Personality Assessment 366
Personality Change and Therapy 371
Common Themes 375
Summary 377
Key Terms 378
Chapter 15 Social Cognitive Processes 379
Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality 379
The Self 383
Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery 391
Summary 400
Key Terms 401
Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level 402
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods 402
Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive Level 403
Part VII Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole
Prelude to Part VII: Integration of Levels 405
Chapter 16 The Personality System: Integrating the Levels 409
What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each Level 410
Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality System 414
The Personality System in Action 423
Summary 435
Key Terms 436
Chapter 17 Self-Regulation: From Goal Pursuit to Goal Attainment 437
Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Level 438
Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit 441
Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas 447
Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas 454
Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in Self-Regulation 457
Summary 464
Key Terms 465
Chapter 18 Personality In Its Social Context and Culture 466
Culture and Personality 467
Gender and Sex Differences 476
Interacting Influences on Personality Development 481
What Develops?: the Evolving Self 483
Summary 489
Key Terms 489
Taking Stock Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole 490
Prospects for Personality Psychology 490
Personology Revisited 490
Glossary 492
References 508
Name Index 549
Subject Index 559
