Impact of Maintenance | p. 1 |
Maintenance Management Methods | p. 2 |
Run-to-Failure Management | p. 2 |
Preventive Maintenance | p. 3 |
Predictive Maintenance | p. 4 |
Other Maintenance Improvement Methods | p. 6 |
Optimizing Predictive Maintenance | p. 10 |
Culture Change | p. 10 |
Proper Use of Predictive Technologies | p. 12 |
It Takes More Than Effective Maintenance | p. 17 |
Small Plants | p. 20 |
Large Plants | p. 21 |
Financial Implications and Cost Justification | p. 23 |
Assessing the Need for Condition Monitoring | p. 24 |
Cost Justification | p. 25 |
Poor-Quality Product as Plant Performance Deteriorates | p. 27 |
Increased Cost of Fuel and Other Consumables as the Plant Condition Deteriorates | p. 27 |
Cost of Current Maintenance Strategy | p. 27 |
Justifying Predictive Maintenance | p. 29 |
Installation Cost | p. 29 |
Operating Cost | p. 31 |
Conclusions | p. 31 |
Economics of Preventive Maintenance | p. 32 |
Benefits versus Costs | p. 33 |
Role of Maintenance Organization | p. 43 |
Maintenance Mission | p. 43 |
Optimum Availability | p. 43 |
Optimum Operating Condition | p. 44 |
Maximum Utilization of Maintenance Resources | p. 44 |
Optimum Equipment Life | p. 44 |
Minimum Spares Inventory | p. 44 |
Ability to React Quickly | p. 44 |
Evaluation of the Maintenance Organization | p. 44 |
Three Types of Maintenance | p. 45 |
Designing a Predictive Maintenance Program | p. 50 |
Failure Data | p. 51 |
Improving Equipment Reliability | p. 52 |
Improvement Process | p. 54 |
Failures That Can Be Prevented | p. 55 |
Maintenance to Prevent Failures | p. 55 |
Personnel | p. 56 |
Service Teams | p. 56 |
How to Start | p. 58 |
Benefits of Predictive Maintenance | p. 60 |
Primary Uses of Predictive Maintenance | p. 61 |
As a Maintenance Management Tool | p. 61 |
As a Plant Optimization Tool | p. 69 |
As a Reliability Improvement Tool | p. 69 |
The Difference | p. 70 |
Benefits of a Total-Plant Predictive Program | p. 70 |
Machine-Train Monitoring Parameters | p. 74 |
Drivers | p. 75 |
Electric Motors | p. 75 |
Steam Turbines | p. 77 |
Intermediate Drives | p. 78 |
Chains | p. 78 |
Couplings | p. 79 |
Gearboxes | p. 81 |
V-Belts | p. 83 |
Driven Components | p. 86 |
Compressors | p. 86 |
Fans | p. 92 |
Generators | p. 93 |
Process Rolls | p. 94 |
Pumps | p. 95 |
Predictive Maintenance Techniques | p. 99 |
Vibration Monitoring | p. 99 |
Technology Limitations | p. 100 |
Thermography | p. 105 |
Types of Thermographic Systems | p. 106 |
Infrared Thermography Safety | p. 107 |
Tribology | p. 108 |
Lube Oil Analysis | p. 108 |
Wear Particle Analysis | p. 109 |
Limitations of Tribology | p. 109 |
Visual Inspections | p. 111 |
Ultrasonics | p. 111 |
Other Techniques | p. 112 |
Electrical Testing | p. 112 |
Vibration Monitoring and Analysis | p. 114 |
Vibration Analysis Applications | p. 114 |
Predictive Maintenance | p. 115 |
Acceptance Testing | p. 115 |
Quality Control | p. 116 |
Loose or Foreign Parts Detection | p. 116 |
Noise Control | p. 116 |
Leak Detections | p. 116 |
Aircraft Engine Analyzers | p. 116 |
Machine Design and Engineering | p. 116 |
Vibration Analysis Overview | p. 117 |
Theoretical Vibration Profiles | p. 117 |
Actual Vibration Profiles | p. 118 |
Interpretation of Vibration Data | p. 120 |
Vibration-Measuring Equipment | p. 121 |
Vibration Sources | p. 122 |
Rotating Machinery | p. 122 |
Reciprocating and/or Linear-Motion Machinery | p. 124 |
Vibration Theory | p. 125 |
Periodic Motion | p. 125 |
Measurable Parameters | p. 129 |
Machine Dynamics | p. 132 |
Mass, Stiffness, and Damping | p. 133 |
Degrees of Freedom | p. 142 |
Vibration Data Types and Formats | p. 146 |
Data Types | p. 146 |
Data Formats | p. 150 |
Data Acquisition | p. 152 |
Vibration Detectors: Transducers and Cables | p. 152 |
Data Measurements | p. 156 |
Transducer Mounting Techniques | p. 157 |
Acquiring Data | p. 160 |
Vibration Analyses Techniques | p. 161 |
Trending | p. 161 |
Comparative Analysis | p. 162 |
Signature Analysis | p. 164 |
Abbreviations | p. 165 |
Glossary | p. 166 |
References | p. 171 |
Thermography | p. 172 |
Infrared Basics | p. 172 |
Types of Infrared Instruments | p. 174 |
Infrared Thermometers | p. 174 |
Line Scanners | p. 175 |
Infrared Imaging | p. 175 |
Training | p. 175 |
Basic Infrared Theory | p. 176 |
Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 176 |
Heat Transfer Concepts | p. 177 |
Infrared Equipment | p. 178 |
Infrared Thermography Safety | p. 179 |
Infrared Scanning Procedures | p. 179 |
Types of Infrared Problems | p. 179 |
Mechanical Looseness | p. 180 |
Component Failure | p. 180 |
Common Problems Found and What to Scan | p. 180 |
Abbreviations | p. 183 |
Glossary | p. 183 |
Electrical Terminology | p. 187 |
Materials List | p. 193 |
Tribology | p. 202 |
Lubricating Oil Analysis | p. 203 |
Oil Analysis Tests | p. 203 |
Wear Particle Analysis | p. 205 |
Ferrography | p. 207 |
Oil Analysis Costs and Uses | p. 207 |
Setting Up an Effective Program | p. 208 |
Equipment Audit | p. 209 |
Lubricant Audit Process | p. 211 |
Baseline Signature | p. 212 |
Monitoring | p. 213 |
Program Evaluation | p. 215 |
Process Parameters | p. 217 |
Pumps | p. 218 |
Centrifugal Pumps | p. 218 |
Positive-Displacement Pumps | p. 222 |
Fans, Blowers, and Fluidizers | p. 225 |
Centrifugal Fans | p. 225 |
Blowers or Positive-Displacement Fans | p. 228 |
Conveyors | p. 229 |
Pneumatic | p. 229 |
Chain-Type Mechanical | p. 229 |
Compressors | p. 229 |
Centrifugal | p. 229 |
Rotary-Type Positive Displacement | p. 231 |
Reciprocating Positive Displacement | p. 235 |
Mixers and Agitators | p. 240 |
Dust Collectors | p. 240 |
Baghouses | p. 240 |
Cyclonic Separators | p. 240 |
Process Rolls | p. 241 |
Gearboxes/Reducers | p. 242 |
Normal Wear | p. 246 |
Abnormal Wear | p. 246 |
Steam Traps | p. 249 |
Inverters | p. 249 |
Control Valves | p. 249 |
Seals and Packing | p. 251 |
Mechanical Seals | p. 251 |
Packed Boxes | p. 254 |
Ultrasonics | p. 256 |
Ultrasonic Applications | p. 256 |
Airborne Noise Analysis | p. 256 |
Leak Detection | p. 257 |
Materials Testing | p. 257 |
Types of Ultrasonic Systems | p. 257 |
Limitations | p. 258 |
Visual Inspection | p. 259 |
Visual Inspection Methods | p. 260 |
Human Senses | p. 261 |
Sensors | p. 261 |
Spectrometric Oil Analysis | p. 263 |
Thresholds | p. 263 |
Operating Dynamics Analysis | p. 267 |
It's Not Predictive Maintenance | p. 267 |
Technology Limitations | p. 268 |
Limitation to Maintenance Issues | p. 268 |
Influence of Process Variables | p. 269 |
Training Limitations | p. 270 |
Understanding Machine Dynamics | p. 271 |
Interpreting Operating Dynamics | p. 281 |
Failure-Mode Analysis | p. 285 |
Common General Failure Modes | p. 286 |
Critical Speeds | p. 286 |
Imbalance | p. 288 |
Mechanical Looseness | p. 290 |
Misalignment | p. 293 |
Modulations | p. 294 |
Process Instability | p. 296 |
Resonance | p. 297 |
Failure Modes by Machine-Train Component | p. 301 |
Bearings: Rolling Element | p. 302 |
Bearings: Sleeve (Babbitt) | p. 303 |
Chains and Sprockets | p. 304 |
Gears | p. 306 |
Jackshafts and Spindles | p. 309 |
Process Rolls | p. 312 |
Shaft | p. 318 |
V-Belts | p. 318 |
Establishing a Predictive Maintenance Program | p. 325 |
Goals, Objectives, and Benefits | p. 325 |
Functional Requirements | p. 326 |
Management Support | p. 327 |
Dedicated and Accountable Personnel | p. 327 |
Efficient Data Collection and Analysis Procedures | p. 327 |
Viable Database | p. 328 |
Selling Predictive Maintenance Programs | p. 330 |
Six Keys to Success | p. 330 |
Selecting a Predictive Maintenance System | p. 334 |
Fundamental System Requirements | p. 335 |
Database Development | p. 343 |
Establishing Data Acquisition Frequency | p. 343 |
Setting Up Analysis Parameters | p. 344 |
Setting Boundaries for Signature Analysis | p. 344 |
Defining Alert and Alarm Limits | p. 345 |
Selecting Transducers | p. 346 |
Getting Started | p. 348 |
Training | p. 349 |
Technical Support | p. 350 |
A Total-Plant Predictive Maintenance Program | p. 352 |
The Optimum Predictive Maintenance Program | p. 353 |
Predictive Technologies | p. 353 |
The Optimum Predictive Maintenance System | p. 355 |
Predictive Is Not Enough | p. 356 |
Effective Planning and Scheduling | p. 356 |
Preventive Maintenance Tasks | p. 357 |
Motivation | p. 373 |
Record Keeping | p. 380 |
Special Concerns | p. 383 |
Conclusion | p. 387 |
Maintaining the Program | p. 389 |
Trending Techniques | p. 389 |
Analysis Techniques | p. 390 |
Broadband Analysis | p. 390 |
Narrowband Analysis | p. 391 |
Root-Cause Failure Analysis | p. 392 |
Additional Training | p. 392 |
Technical Support | p. 393 |
Contract Predictive Maintenance Programs | p. 393 |
World-Class Maintenance | p. 394 |
What Is World-Class Maintenance? | p. 394 |
Five Fundamentals of World-Class Performance | p. 395 |
Improving Equipment Effectiveness | p. 395 |
Involving Operators in Daily Maintenance | p. 395 |
Improving Maintenance Efficiency and Effectiveness | p. 396 |
Educating and Training | p. 396 |
Designing and Managing Equipment for Maintenance Prevention | p. 396 |
Competitive Advantage | p. 396 |
Focus on Quality | p. 397 |
Focus on Maintenance | p. 398 |
Overall Equipment Effectiveness | p. 402 |
Elements of Effective Maintenance | p. 406 |
Commitment | p. 406 |
Cost | p. 408 |
Culture | p. 408 |
Customer Focus | p. 409 |
Management Commitment | p. 410 |
Change | p. 410 |
Management Philosophy | p. 410 |
Risk Taking | p. 410 |
Information | p. 410 |
Roles | p. 410 |
Teamwork | p. 410 |
Strategy | p. 410 |
Tasks | p. 411 |
Decision Making | p. 411 |
Stability | p. 411 |
Innovation | p. 411 |
Trust | p. 411 |
Problem Solving | p. 411 |
Responsibilities | p. 412 |
Optimum Availability | p. 412 |
Optimum Operating Condition | p. 412 |
Maximum Utilization of Maintenance Resources | p. 412 |
Optimum Equipment Life | p. 413 |
Minimum Spares Inventory | p. 413 |
Ability to React Quickly | p. 413 |
Three Types of Maintenance | p. 413 |
Corrective Maintenance | p. 413 |
Preventive Maintenance | p. 414 |
Maintenance Improvement | p. 415 |
Advantages and Disadvantages | p. 416 |
Supervision | p. 419 |
Functions of Supervision | p. 419 |
Characteristics of Effective Supervision | p. 421 |
Working without Supervision | p. 422 |
Standard Procedures | p. 424 |
Reasons for Not Using Standard Procedures | p. 424 |
Creating Standard Procedures | p. 425 |
Standard Procedures Are Not Enough | p. 426 |
Workforce Development | p. 426 |
Lack of Basic Skills | p. 426 |
Workforce Maturity | p. 426 |
Unskilled Workforce Pool | p. 427 |
Manufacturing Extension Partnership | p. 427 |
U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration | p. 428 |
Apprenticeship Programs | p. 428 |
Training Grants | p. 429 |
America's Job Bank | p. 432 |
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