Wings | p. 1 |
Function | p. 1 |
Geometry | p. 4 |
References | p. 9 |
Problems | p. 10 |
Review of Basic Fluid Dynamics | p. 11 |
Forces and Moments Due to Pressure | p. 11 |
The Basic Conservation Laws of Fluid Mechanics | p. 14 |
Vector Calculus | p. 18 |
Differential Forms of the Conservation Laws | p. 21 |
Rotational Velocity and Irrotational Flow | p. 23 |
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow | p. 25 |
Uniform Flow | p. 27 |
Source Flow | p. 27 |
Vortex Flow | p. 28 |
Bibliography | p. 29 |
Problems | p. 29 |
Incompressible Irrotational Flow About Symmetric Airfoils at Zero Lift | p. 32 |
Uniform Two-Dimensional Irrotational Incompressible Flow About an Isolated Body | p. 33 |
Superposition of Fundamental Solutions | p. 34 |
Dimensionless Variables | p. 38 |
Rankine Ovals | p. 39 |
Line Source Distributions | p. 43 |
Flow Past Thin Symmetric Airfoils | p. 46 |
Errors Near The Stagnation Points | p. 52 |
Numerical Solution Based on Line Doublet Distributions | p. 55 |
Relation of Numerical to Analytical Solutions | p. 58 |
Complex-Variable Methods | p. 60 |
Flow Past an Ellipse | p. 63 |
Joukowsky Airfoils | p. 66 |
Problems | p. 70 |
Computer Programs | p. 75 |
Lifting Airfoils in Incompressible Irrotational Flow | p. 80 |
The Thin Airfoil: Thickness and Camber Problems | p. 80 |
Forces and Moments on a Thin Airfoil | p. 85 |
The Kutta Condition | p. 91 |
Circulation Specification | p. 93 |
The Cambered Thin Airfoil | p. 94 |
Aerodynamics of The Thin Airfoil | p. 97 |
The Lumped-Vortex Method | p. 101 |
Panel Methods | p. 103 |
Program PANEL | p. 110 |
Complex-Variables Methods | p. 112 |
References | p. 117 |
Problems | p. 117 |
Computer Program | p. 118 |
Wings of Finite Span | p. 124 |
The Vortex System for a Thin Planar Wing of Finite Span | p. 124 |
The Vortex-Lattice Method | p. 130 |
Induced Drag | p. 134 |
Lifting-Line Theory | p. 135 |
The Elliptic Lift Distribution | p. 138 |
The Optimal Wing | p. 141 |
Nonelliptic Lift Distributions | p. 144 |
References | p. 148 |
Problems | p. 149 |
Computer Program | p. 151 |
The Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 154 |
The Stress at a Point | p. 154 |
Newton's Second Law For Fluids | p. 158 |
Symmetry of Stresses | p. 160 |
Molecular View of Stress in a Fluid | p. 161 |
The No-Slip Condition | p. 166 |
Unidirectional Flows | p. 168 |
The Viscosity Coefficient | p. 170 |
Pascal's Law | p. 171 |
Strain Versus Rotation | p. 173 |
Isotropy | p. 177 |
Vectors and Tensors | p. 179 |
The Stress Tensor | p. 182 |
The Rate-of-Strain Tensor | p. 184 |
The Two Coefficients of Viscosity | p. 185 |
The Navier-Stokes Equations | p. 187 |
Problems | p. 189 |
The Boundary Layer | p. 191 |
The Laminar Boundary Layer | p. 191 |
Use of the Boundary-Layer Equations | p. 197 |
Skin Friction | p. 198 |
Displacement Thickness | p. 199 |
Momentum Thickness | p. 202 |
The Momentum Integral Equation | p. 203 |
Velocity Profile Fitting: Laminar Boundary Layers | p. 204 |
Thwaites's Method For Laminar Boundary Layers | p. 206 |
Form Drag | p. 209 |
Turbulent Flows | p. 210 |
Velocity Profile Fitting: Turbulent Boundary Layers | p. 215 |
Head's Method For Turbulent Boundary Layers | p. 219 |
Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow | p. 220 |
Boundary Layer Separation | p. 222 |
Airfoil Performance Characteristics | p. 225 |
The Development of Circulation About a Sharp-Tailed Airfoil | p. 244 |
Computation of Boundary Layer Growth Along An Airfoil | p. 247 |
References | p. 252 |
Problems | p. 253 |
Computer Program | p. 255 |
Panel Methods | p. 260 |
Mathematical Foundations: Green's Identity | p. 260 |
Potential-Based Panel Methods | p. 266 |
Constant-Potential Method | p. 264 |
Linear-Potential Method | p. 273 |
Equivalent Vortex Distributions | p. 276 |
Vortex-Based Panel Methods | p. 280 |
Source-Based Panel Methods | p. 282 |
Comparisons of Source-, Doublet-, and Vortex-Based Methods | p. 285 |
References | p. 287 |
Problems | p. 287 |
Finite Difference Methods | p. 289 |
Boundary-Value Problems in One Dimension | p. 289 |
Convergence and Order of Accuracy | p. 295 |
Incompressible Potential Flow Past a Thin Symmetric Airfoil | p. 299 |
Direct Methods | p. 303 |
Iterative Methods | p. 304 |
Initial Problems: The Heat Equation | p. 308 |
An Explicit Finite-Difference Method | p. 310 |
Stability | p. 312 |
Convergence | p. 315 |
The Crank-Nicolson Method | p. 317 |
Backward-Difference Schemes | p. 320 |
References | p. 322 |
Problems | p. 322 |
Computer Programs | p. 324 |
Finite-Difference Solution of the Boundary Layer Equations | p. 335 |
Statement of The Problem | p. 335 |
Similar Solutions of The Laminar Incompressible Boundary Layer | p. 337 |
Finite-Difference Methods for the Falkner-Skan Equation | p. 341 |
Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations | p. 342 |
A Finite-Difference Method Based on a Second-Order Differential Equation | p. 344 |
A Finite-Difference Method Based on a System of First-Order Equations | p. 348 |
Transformation of The Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations For Arbitrary Pressure Gradients | p. 354 |
Program BDYLAY | p. 359 |
Turbulent Boundary Layers | p. 360 |
Separated Flows | p. 366 |
References | p. 368 |
Problems | p. 369 |
Computer Programs | p. 371 |
Compressible Potential Flow Past Airfoils | p. 381 |
Shock Waves and Sound Waves | p. 381 |
Equations of Compressible Steady Potential Flow | p. 385 |
The Prandtl-Glauert Equation | p. 388 |
Subsonic Flow Past Thin Airfoils | p. 390 |
Supersonic Flow Past Thin Airfoils | p. 393 |
Transonic Flow Past Thin Airfoils | p. 399 |
Aerodynamics in the Transonic Range | p. 402 |
Solution of the Transonic Small-Disturbance Equation: Subcritical Flow | p. 404 |
Conservative versus Nonconservative Difference Schemes | p. 406 |
Supercritical Flow and Upwind Differencing | p. 408 |
The Relaxation Iteration | p. 413 |
The Poisson Iteration | p. 415 |
References | p. 417 |
Problems | p. 417 |
Computer Program | p. 418 |
An Important Integral | p. 424 |
The Integral [characters not reproducible] | p. 427 |
Potential Flow Past a Corner | p. 429 |
Uniqueness of Solutions of Laplace Equation | p. 433 |
Fourier-Series Expansions | p. 438 |
Downwash Due to a Horseshoe Vortex | p. 442 |
Geometrical Demonstration That Strain is a Tensor | p. 446 |
Optimization of the SOR Method for the Laplace Equation | p. 449 |
Structure of a Weak Shock Wave | p. 456 |
Index | p. 459 |
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