
Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures
By: Jean L. Jacobson
Hardcover | 13 October 2005
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396 Pages
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Preface | p. vii |
Color Insert | p. 46 |
Chemistry to Remember | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Metric System | p. 1 |
Density and Specific Gravity | p. 1 |
Liquids, Solids, and Gases | p. 3 |
Pressure and Temperature | p. 4 |
Liquids | p. 4 |
Gases | p. 5 |
Chemistry Fundamentals | p. 5 |
Matter | p. 5 |
Structure | p. 6 |
Periodic Table | p. 6 |
Compounds | p. 6 |
Solutions | p. 7 |
Electrolyte Solutions | p. 11 |
pH | p. 12 |
Oxidation: Reduction and Electrolysis | p. 12 |
Halogens | p. 13 |
Sulfur | p. 13 |
Organic Chemistry | p. 13 |
Safety First | p. 18 |
Introduction | p. 18 |
Regulatory Agencies and Acts | p. 18 |
Laboratory and Winery Hazards | p. 20 |
Chemical Hazards | p. 21 |
Toxic Chemicals | p. 21 |
Dose, Duration, Frequency, and Routes of Exposure | p. 21 |
Classification of Toxins | p. 23 |
Reactive Chemical Hazards | p. 24 |
Chemical Handling and Storage | p. 25 |
Ordering and Receiving | p. 27 |
Proper Labeling | p. 28 |
Proper Storage | p. 29 |
Chemical Waste | p. 31 |
Classification | p. 31 |
Waste Disposal | p. 32 |
Personal Protection Equipment | p. 35 |
Chemical Accidents and Emergencies | p. 37 |
Spills | p. 37 |
Accidental Inhalation or Ingestion | p. 39 |
Fire | p. 40 |
Gas Cylinder Leaks | p. 41 |
Physical Hazards | p. 42 |
Physical Hazards Associated with Laboratory Work | p. 42 |
Equipment Hazards | p. 42 |
Compressed and Liquid Gas Hazards | p. 44 |
Vacuum Hazards | p. 45 |
Glassware Hazards | p. 46 |
Slip, Trip, and Fall Hazards | p. 46 |
Ergonomic Hazards | p. 47 |
Physical Hazards in the Cellar | p. 49 |
Damage Control | p. 52 |
What's Your Number? | p. 54 |
Introduction | p. 54 |
Quality | p. 56 |
Setting up a QA Program | p. 56 |
Laboratory Staff | p. 57 |
Analytical Methods | p. 58 |
Method Validation | p. 59 |
Reagents, Standards, and Controls | p. 64 |
Analytical Techniques | p. 66 |
Calculations | p. 66 |
Proper Measurement | p. 70 |
Sample Quality | p. 77 |
Preventative Maintenance | p. 78 |
Records | p. 80 |
Inadvertent Error | p. 82 |
Berry to Bottle | p. 83 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
Wine History | p. 83 |
Grape Varieties | p. 87 |
Appellations | p. 88 |
France | p. 89 |
Burgundy | p. 89 |
Bordeaux | p. 91 |
Rhone | p. 92 |
Loire | p. 93 |
Champagne | p. 93 |
Languedoc-Roussillon | p. 93 |
Provence | p. 93 |
Italy | p. 94 |
Piedmont | p. 94 |
Tuscany | p. 94 |
Emilia Romagna-Veneto | p. 96 |
Spain | p. 96 |
Rioja-Penedes-Cava | p. 96 |
Jerez | p. 97 |
Portugal | p. 97 |
Douro | p. 97 |
Vinhos Verdes | p. 98 |
Madeira | p. 98 |
Germany | p. 98 |
South Africa | p. 99 |
Chile | p. 101 |
Argentina | p. 101 |
Australia | p. 101 |
New Zealand | p. 102 |
United States | p. 102 |
New York | p. 103 |
Washington | p. 103 |
Oregon | p. 105 |
California | p. 105 |
Wine Production Overview | p. 105 |
Vineyard | p. 106 |
Harvest | p. 106 |
Fermentation | p. 108 |
Maturation | p. 112 |
Blending, Fining, and Stabilization | p. 113 |
Filtration and Bottling | p. 113 |
Sparkling Wine | p. 114 |
Money Matters | p. 117 |
Vineyard to Harvest | p. 118 |
Introduction | p. 118 |
The Grape | p. 118 |
Mature Grape Physiology | p. 119 |
Organic Acids | p. 119 |
Alkaline Metals | p. 120 |
Nitrogen Compounds | p. 120 |
Phenolic Compounds | p. 120 |
Aromatic Substances | p. 121 |
Sugar | p. 122 |
Grape Structure | p. 123 |
Seeds | p. 123 |
Skin | p. 123 |
Pulp | p. 124 |
Preharvest | p. 124 |
Vineyard Sampling | p. 125 |
Sugar Determinations | p. 126 |
[degree]Oechsle | p. 129 |
Baume | p. 129 |
[degree]Balling and [degree]Brix | p. 130 |
Glucose and Fructose Determinations | p. 131 |
Enzymatic Method | p. 132 |
Other Residual Reducing Sugar Methods | p. 133 |
Potential Alcohol (Ethanol) Determinations | p. 134 |
Alcohol (Ethanol) Determinations | p. 137 |
Ebulliometry Method | p. 138 |
Other Alcohol Determination Methods | p. 140 |
pH and Acidity Determinations | p. 141 |
pH | p. 142 |
Titratable Acidity | p. 143 |
Potassium, Calcium, and Other Alkaline Metals Determinations | p. 145 |
Total Phenols and Anthocyanin Determinations | p. 146 |
Harvest | p. 148 |
Nitrogen and Amino Acid Determinations | p. 150 |
Insoluble Solids Determinations | p. 151 |
Total, Free, and Bound Sulfur Dioxide Determinations | p. 152 |
Forms of Sulfur Dioxide | p. 153 |
Maintaining SO[subscript 2] Levels | p. 155 |
Aeration-Oxidation Method | p. 157 |
Ripper Method | p. 158 |
Other Methods | p. 160 |
Summary | p. 161 |
Fermentation x 2 | p. 162 |
Introduction | p. 162 |
Preparation for Fermentation | p. 163 |
Sugar Adjustments | p. 164 |
Acid Adjustments | p. 165 |
Acid Additions | p. 165 |
Deacidification | p. 166 |
Baseline Analyses | p. 166 |
Volatile Acidity and Acetic Acid Determinations | p. 167 |
Acetic Acid Enzymatic Method | p. 168 |
Volatile Acidity Distillation Method | p. 169 |
Primary Alcohol Fermentation | p. 173 |
Yeast Metabolism | p. 174 |
Cultured Yeast and Inoculation | p. 177 |
Monitoring Fermentation | p. 180 |
Soluble Solids (Apparent [degree]Brix) via Hydrometer | p. 181 |
Soluble Solids (Apparent [degree]Brix) via Density Meter | p. 186 |
Verification of Dryness | p. 187 |
Secondary Malolactic Fermentation | p. 188 |
Taxonomy and Morphology of Wine Microorganisms | p. 190 |
Lactic Acid Bacteria | p. 190 |
Yeasts | p. 191 |
Spoilage Bacterium | p. 192 |
Other Methods of Identification | p. 192 |
Prefermentation Analyses | p. 193 |
Oenococcus oeni Culture Preparation | p. 193 |
Culture Buildup | p. 194 |
Monitoring MLF | p. 196 |
L-Malic Acid Determinations | p. 196 |
Paper Chromatography | p. 197 |
Thin-Layer Chromatography | p. 197 |
Capillary Electrophoresis | p. 197 |
Enzymatic Method | p. 198 |
Cessation of Fermentation | p. 198 |
Maturation Matters | p. 200 |
Introduction | p. 200 |
Maturation and Aging | p. 201 |
Advantages of Maturation | p. 201 |
Removal of Substances | p. 202 |
Storage Containers | p. 203 |
Cooperage | p. 203 |
Wood | p. 204 |
Barrel Construction | p. 204 |
Protecting the Wine | p. 205 |
Oxidation | p. 206 |
Oxygen and Wine Color | p. 207 |
Formation of Acetaldehyde | p. 208 |
Microbial Spoilage | p. 208 |
Acetic Acid Bacterial Spoilage | p. 208 |
Lactic Acid Bacterial Spoilage | p. 209 |
Yeast Spoilage | p. 210 |
Conclusion | p. 212 |
Maintenance of Maturing Wines | p. 212 |
Barrel Storage | p. 213 |
Topping | p. 213 |
Racking | p. 213 |
Cellar Temperature | p. 214 |
Organoleptic Evaluation | p. 214 |
Organoleptic Terminology | p. 215 |
Wine Sensory | p. 216 |
Flavor Identification | p. 216 |
Fining | p. 216 |
Bentonite Fining | p. 220 |
Albumen Fining | p. 222 |
Gelatin and Isinglass Fining | p. 222 |
Copper Sulfate Fining | p. 223 |
Wine Stability | p. 224 |
Freeze Test | p. 225 |
Cold Conductivity | p. 226 |
Filtration | p. 227 |
Blending | p. 229 |
Fractional Blending | p. 230 |
Bottling Basics | p. 231 |
Introduction | p. 231 |
Packaging | p. 231 |
Labels | p. 232 |
Bottles | p. 233 |
Cork | p. 233 |
Cork Quality Control | p. 235 |
TCA | p. 237 |
Bottling Lines | p. 238 |
Preparing Wines for Bottling | p. 239 |
Required Analyses | p. 240 |
Sulfur Dioxide | p. 240 |
EtOH | p. 241 |
Acidity | p. 241 |
Microbial Growth | p. 242 |
Carbon Dioxide | p. 242 |
Oxygen and Wine Temperature | p. 243 |
Wine Density | p. 243 |
Prebottling Activities | p. 244 |
Bottling Line Sanitation | p. 244 |
Membrane Filter Integrity Test | p. 245 |
Bottling | p. 246 |
Bottle Queue | p. 246 |
Membrane Filter | p. 247 |
Filler | p. 247 |
Corking Machine | p. 248 |
Quality Control | p. 249 |
Capsules, Wax, Labeling, and Storage | p. 249 |
Microbiological Monitoring | p. 251 |
Plating Media | p. 251 |
Plate Inoculation, Incubation, and Identification | p. 252 |
Required Analysis for International Trade | p. 255 |
Bottle Aging | p. 257 |
Analytical Procedures | p. 258 |
Introduction | p. 258 |
Procedures | p. 259 |
Spectrometric Color and Phenolic Measurement | p. 259 |
Density Measurement, Direct Method | p. 262 |
Specific Gravity Measurement | p. 263 |
Soluble Solids Measurement via Hydrometer | p. 265 |
Density, Specific Gravity, and [degree]Brix Measurements via Density Meter | p. 267 |
Soluble Solids Measurement via Refractometer | p. 269 |
pH Measurement | p. 271 |
Titratable Acids Assay, Manual | p. 273 |
Titratable Acids and pH Assay via Automated Titration | p. 275 |
Fluoride (F) Assay via ISE | p. 277 |
Ammonia (NH[subscript 3]) Assay via ISE | p. 279 |
Free and Total Sulfur Dioxide (SO[subscript 2]) Assay via Ripper | p. 280 |
Free and Total Sulfur Dioxide (SO[subscript 2]) Assay via Aeration-Oxidation | p. 282 |
Reducing Sugar and Residual Reducing Sugar (RS) Enzymatic Assay | p. 285 |
L-Malic Acid (LMA) Enzymatic Assay | p. 287 |
Acetic Acid (AC) Enzymatic Assay | p. 289 |
Volatile Acidity Assay via Distillation | p. 292 |
Insoluble Solids (% Solids) Measurement | p. 295 |
% v/v Alcohol Measurement via Ebulliometer | p. 296 |
Yeast and Bacteria Viability and Cell Counts | p. 299 |
Cold Stability Assay for the Verification of Bitartrate Stability via Freeze Test | p. 300 |
Cold Stability Assay for the Verification of Bitartrate Stability via Conducitivity | p. 302 |
Heat Stability Assay for Verification of Protein Stability | p. 304 |
Carbon Dioxide (CO[subscript 2]) Measurement via Carbodoseur | p. 305 |
Acidulation Trial | p. 306 |
Deacidulation Trial: Potassium Bicarbonate KHCO[subscript 3] (or K[subscript 2]CO[subscript 3]) | p. 308 |
Gelatin Fining Trial | p. 309 |
Isinglass Fining Trial | p. 311 |
Egg White Fining Trial | p. 312 |
Bentonite Fining Trial | p. 314 |
Copper Sulfate (CuSO[subscript 4]) Trial | p. 315 |
Reagents | p. 318 |
Introduction | p. 318 |
Reagents | p. 319 |
Acetaldehyde (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 4]O) 10% w/v Solution | p. 320 |
Acetic Acid (C[subscript 2]H[subscript 4]O[subscript 2]) 1% w/v Standard | p. 320 |
Ammonia (NH[subscript 3]) 0.1% w/v Standard | p. 321 |
Bentonite 5% w/v Slurry | p. 322 |
20 [degree]Brix Sucrose (C[subscript 12]H[subscript 22]O[subscript 11]) Standard | p. 323 |
Copigmentation Buffer | p. 323 |
Copper Sulfate (CuSO[subscript 4]) 100 mg/liter Solution | p. 323 |
Isinglass 0.5% w/v Solution | p. 324 |
Egg White 10% w/v Solution | p. 325 |
Ethanol (EtOH) Solutions and Standards | p. 325 |
Gelatin 1% w/v Solution | p. 326 |
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Solutions | p. 327 |
Hydrogen Peroxide (H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2]) 0.3% v/v Solution | p. 327 |
Indicator Solution | p. 328 |
Iodine (I[subscript 2]) 0.02N Solution | p. 328 |
L-Malic Acid (C[subscript 4]H[subscript 6]O[subscript 5]) 0.2 g/L Standard | p. 328 |
Malic Acid (C[subscript 4]H[subscript 6]O[subscript 5]) 10% w/v Solution | p. 329 |
Phosphoric Acid (H[subscript 3]PO[subscript 4]) Solutions | p. 329 |
Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO[subscript 3]) 4.5 % w/v Solution | p. 330 |
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Solutions | p. 331 |
Starch 1% w/v Solution | p. 331 |
Sulfur Dioxide (SO[subscript 2]) 200 mg/L Solution | p. 332 |
Sulfuric Acid (H[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4]) Solutions | p. 333 |
Tartaric Acid (C[subscript 4]H[subscript 6]O[subscript 6]) 100 g/L Solution | p. 333 |
Thiosulfate (S[subscript 2]O[subscript 3]) Solution | p. 334 |
Standardization | p. 335 |
Standardization of Acid Solutions | p. 335 |
Standardization of Base Solutions | p. 336 |
Standardization of 0.02N Iodine Solution | p. 336 |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries | p. 337 |
Bibliography | p. 359 |
Index | p. 365 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780387243771
ISBN-10: 0387243771
Published: 13th October 2005
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 396
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 23.39 x 15.6 x 2.24
Weight (kg): 0.68
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