About the Author xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgement xxiii
Introduction xxv
Conventions: Used by this Book xxvii
1 Scientific Method: General Concepts 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Powers of 10 1
1.3 Roots 2
1.4 Scientific Notation as a Tool 2
2 Infinitesimal Calculus: A Brief Introduction 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 The Concept Behind Calculus 9
3 Atom: Quarks, Protons, and Electrons 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Atoms and Quarks 19
3.3 Electrons 20
3.4 Strong Force and Weak Force 21
3.5 Conductors and Electricity 22
3.6 The Shells 23
3.7 Electric Potential 24
3.8 Current 25
3.9 Electric Resistance 25
4 Voltage and Current: Direct and Alternating Current and Voltage 27
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Terminology 27
4.3 Batteries 27
4.4 Danger Will Robison, Danger! 30
4.5 Direct Current 31
4.6 Relative Voltages 31
4.6.1 Mountains 32
4.7 Ground 33
4.8 Alternating Current 34
Exercises 38
Solutions 39
5 Resistors: The Most Fundamental Component 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Resistor 41
5.3 Electric Resistance 41
5.4 Symbols 41
5.5 Types of Resistor 42
5.6 Power 42
5.7 Color Code 42
5.8 Potentiometer 44
5.9 Trimpots 44
5.10 Practical Usage 45
5.11 Electric Characteristics 45
5.12 Resistors in Series 45
5.13 Resistors in Parallel 46
5.14 DC and AC Analysis 46
5.15 Input and Output Synchronism 47
Exercises 48
Solutions 48
6 Ohm’s Laws: Circuit Analysis 51
6.1 Introduction 51
6.2 Basic Rules of Electricity 51
6.3 First Ohm’s Law 52
6.4 Second Ohm’s Law 53
6.5 Examples 53
Exercises 58
Solutions 59
7 Delta–Wye Conversions: Circuit Analysis 63
7.1 Introduction 63
7.2 Delta Circuit 63
7.3 Delta–Wye Conversion 63
7.4 Wye–Delta Conversion 65
7.5 Examples 65
Exercises 69
Solutions 69
8 Capacitors: And Electric Charges 73
8.1 Introduction 73
8.2 History 73
8.3 How It Works 73
8.4 Electric Characteristics 77
8.5 Electric Field 78
8.6 Capacitance 78
8.7 Stored Energy 79
8.8 Voltage and Current 81
8.9 Examples 84
8.10 AC Analysis 87
8.11 Capacitive Reactance 88
8.12 Phase 88
8.13 Electrolytic Capacitor 91
8.14 Variable Capacitors 93
8.15 Capacitors in Series 93
8.16 Capacitors in Parallel 94
8.17 Capacitor Color Code 95
8.18 Capacitor Markings 96
Exercises 98
Solutions 98
9 Electromagnetism: And the World Revolution 103
9.1 Introduction 103
9.2 The Theory 103
9.3 Hans Christian Ørsted 103
9.4 The Right-Hand Rule 105
9.5 Faraday First Experiment 105
9.6 Faraday Second Experiment 106
9.7 Conclusion 107
10 Inductors: Temperamental Devices 109
10.1 Introduction 109
10.2 The Inductor 109
10.3 Coils and Magnets 110
10.4 Inductance 111
10.5 Variable Inductor 111
10.6 Series Inductance 112
10.7 Parallel Inductance 112
10.8 DC Analysis 113
10.9 Electromotive Force 116
10.10 Current Across an Inductor 116
10.11 AC Analysis 116
10.12 Out of Sync 119
Exercises 120
Solutions 120
11 Transformers: Not the Movie 123
11.1 Introduction 123
11.2 Connected by the Magnetic Field 124
11.3 Faraday’s Law 124
11.4 Primary and Secondary 124
11.5 Real-Life Transformer 125
11.6 Multiple Secondaries 125
11.7 Center Tap 126
11.8 Law of Conservation of Energy 127
11.9 Leakage Flux 127
11.10 Internal Resistance 128
11.11 Direct Current 128
12 Generators: And Motors 129
12.1 Introduction 129
12.2 Electric Generators 129
12.3 Electric Motor 131
13 Semiconductors: And Their Junctions 133
13.1 Introduction 133
13.2 It All Started with a Light Bulb 133
13.3 Semiconductors 135
14 Diodes and Transistors: Active Components 143
14.1 Introduction 143
14.2 Diodes 143
14.3 NPN Junction 143
14.4 Biasing 144
14.5 The Transistor, Finally! 144
15 Voltage and Current Sources: Circuit Analysis 147
15.1 Introduction 147
15.2 Independent DC Voltage Sources 147
15.3 Independent AC Voltage Sources 147
15.4 Dependent Voltage Sources 148
15.5 Independent Current Sources 149
15.6 Dependent Current Sources 149
16 Source Transformations: Circuit Analysis 151
16.1 Introduction 151
16.2 The Technique 151
16.3 Example 153
Exercises 160
Solutions 161
17 Impedance and Phase: Circuit Analysis 165
17.1 Introduction 165
17.2 This is Just a Phase 165
17.3 Impedance 166
17.4 Capacitive Impedance 167
17.5 Inductive Impedance 169
17.6 Examples 169
17.7 The Importance of Impedances in Real Life 173
Exercises 177
Solutions 177
18 Power: And Work 181
18.1 Introduction 181
18.2 Electric Power and Work 181
18.3 Powers in Parallel 182
18.4 Powers in Series 183
18.5 “Alternating” Power 184
18.6 Real, Apparent, and Reactive Power 188
Exercises 191
Solutions 192
19 Kirchhoff’s Laws: Circuit Analysis 197
19.1 Introduction 197
19.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 197
19.3 Examples 199
Exercises 210
Solutions 211
20 Nodal Analysis: Circuit Analysis 215
20.1 Introduction 215
20.2 Examples 215
Exercises 226
Solutions 227
21 Thevenin’s Theorem: Circuit Analysis 235
21.1 Introduction 235
21.2 The Theorem 235
Exercises 250
Solutions 251
22 Norton’ Theorem: Circuit Analysis 257
22.1 Introduction 257
22.2 Norton’s Theorem 257
Exercises 263
Solutions 264
23 Superposition Theorem: Circuit Analysis 269
23.1 Introduction 269
23.2 The Theorem 269
23.3 Methodology 269
23.4 Example 270
Exercises 281
Solutions 282
24 Millman’s Theorem: Circuit Analysis 287
24.1 Introduction 287
24.2 Millman’s Theorem 287
24.3 Examples 291
Exercises 295
Solutions 295
25 RC Circuits: Voltage and Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors in Series 297
25.1 Introduction 297
25.2 Charging a Capacitor 297
25.3 RC Time Constant 308
25.4 Examples 315
Exercises 328
Solutions 330
26 RL Circuits: Voltage and Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors and Inductors in Series 341
26.1 Introduction 341
26.2 Energizing 341
26.3 De-energizing 349
26.4 Examples 354
Exercises 362
Solutions 365
27 RLC Circuits: Part 1: Voltage Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors in Series 377
27.1 Introduction 377
27.2 A Basic RLC Series Circuit 377
27.3 Examples 408
Exercises 418
Solutions 419
28 RLC Circuits: Part 2: Current Analysis in Circuits Containing Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors in Series 427
28.1 Introduction 427
28.2 The Circuit 427
28.3 Current Equations 430
28.4 Examples 432
Exercises 442
Solutions 443
29 Transistor Amplifiers: The Magic Component 451
29.1 Introduction 451
29.2 Transistor as Amplifiers 451
29.3 The Water Storage Tank 451
29.4 Current Gain 452
29.5 Power Supply Rails 452
29.6 Amplifying 452
29.7 Quiescent Operating Point 453
29.8 Amplifier Classes 454
Exercises 477
Solutions 479
30 Operational Amplifiers: A Brief Introduction 485
30.1 Introduction 485
30.2 Operational Amplifiers 485
30.3 How Op-Amp Works 486
30.4 Op-Amp Characteristics 488
30.5 Typical Configurations 488
31 Instrumentation and Bench: A Brief Introduction 509
31.1 Introduction 509
31.2 Multimeter 509
31.3 Voltmeter 510
31.4 Ammeter 511
31.5 Ohmmeter 512
31.6 Oscilloscope 513
31.7 Breadboards 513
31.8 Wire Diameter 515
31.9 Power Supply 516
31.10 Soldering Station 517
31.11 Soldering Fume Extractors 517
31.12 Lead-Free Solder 517
31.13 A Few Images of Real Products 518
Appendix A: International System of Units (SI) 521
Appendix B: Color Code: Resistors 523
Appendix C: Root Mean Square (RMS) Value 525
Appendix D: Complex Numbers 529
Appendix E: Table of Integrals 537
Appendix F: AWG Versus Metric System: Wire Cross Sections 539
Appendix G: Resistors: Commercial Values 541
Appendix H: Capacitors: Commercial Values 543
Appendix I: Inductors: Commercial Values 549
Appendix J: Simulation Tools 557
Appendix K: Glossary 559
Index 563
