Preface | p. xi |
The Author | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Reference | p. 2 |
Electrolyte Solutions and Historical Concept of Ion-Pairing | p. 3 |
Phenomenological Treatment | p. 3 |
Ion-Solvent Interactions | p. 4 |
Ion-Ion Aspecific Interactions | p. 7 |
Interactions of Ions with Non-Electrolytes | p. 9 |
Critical Review of History of Theoretical Treatments of Ion-Pairing | p. 12 |
From the Beginning to Bjerrum's Model | p. 12 |
Further Developments | p. 14 |
Hydrophobic Ion-Pairing Concept | p. 16 |
Thermodynamic Properties of Ion-Pairs | p. 18 |
Techniques for Studying Ion-Pairing | p. 19 |
Conductometry | p. 19 |
Potentiometry | p. 19 |
Spectroscopic Methods | p. 20 |
Activity Measurement | p. 20 |
Relaxation Methods | p. 20 |
Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS) | p. 20 |
Ultrasonic Relaxation (UR) | p. 21 |
Separative Methods | p. 21 |
References | p. 22 |
Retention Modeling as Function of Mobile Phase Composition | p. 29 |
Theoretical Models of Ion-Pair Chromatography (IPC) | p. 29 |
Stoichiometric Models | p. 30 |
Non-Stoichiometric Models | p. 32 |
Empirical Models of IPC | p. 46 |
Chemometrical Optimization Methods | p. 46 |
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Models | p. 49 |
References | p. 51 |
Modeling of Retention as a Function of Analyte Nature | p. 57 |
References | p. 59 |
Stationary Phases | p. 61 |
Reversed Phase IPC | p. 62 |
Silica-Based Stationary Phases and Silanophilic Interactions | p. 62 |
Other Reversed Phase Stationary Phases | p. 65 |
Normal Phase IPC and Other Stationary Phases | p. 66 |
References | p. 61 |
Developments in Column Technology and Fast IPC | p. 71 |
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (U-HPLC) | p. 71 |
Monolithic Columns | p. 75 |
References | p. 76 |
Ion-Pair Reagents (IPR) | p. 19 |
Traditional IPRs | p. 19 |
Volatile IPRs | p. 81 |
Chaotropic Salts | p. 82 |
Ionic Liquid-Based IPRs | p. 84 |
Unusual IPRs | p. 88 |
IPR Counter Ions | p. 88 |
Conclusions | p. 90 |
References | p. 90 |
Organic Modifiers | p. 99 |
Organic Modifier Concentration in Eluent | p. 99 |
Nature of Organic Modifiers | p. 101 |
Gradient Elution | p. 102 |
References | p. 103 |
Role of Eluent pH in IPC | p. 109 |
IPC versus RP-HPLC | p. 109 |
pH-Dependent Silanol Ionization | p. 113 |
References | p. 114 |
Temperature | p. 117 |
Influence of Temperature on Column Efficiency | p. 117 |
Influence of Temperature on Selectivity under RP-HPLC and IPC Conditions | p. 117 |
References | p. 121 |
Special IPC Modes and Variations | p. 125 |
Mixture of Different IPRs in Mobile Phase | p. 125 |
Permanently Coated Columns | p. 125 |
IPRs Added Only to Sample Solution and Ghost Peaks | p. 127 |
Special Additives in Mobile Phase | p. 128 |
Modification of Eluent Ionic Strength at Constant IPR Concentration | p. 128 |
References | p. 131 |
Detection and Hyphenation | p. 135 |
UV-Vis Detectors | p. 136 |
Fluorescence Detectors | p. 140 |
Electrical Conductivity Detectors | p. 142 |
Electrochemical Detectors | p. 142 |
Evaporative Light Scattering Detectors | p. 145 |
Unusual Detectors | p. 145 |
Hyphenation Techniques | p. 146 |
IPC-MS | p. 146 |
IPC-ICP and Other Unusual Hyphenations | p. 151 |
References | p. 153 |
Examples of Applications | p. 161 |
Inorganic and Organometallic Species | p. 161 |
Food Analysis | p. 163 |
Life Science and Medicine | p. 163 |
Pharmaceutical, Toxicological, and Clinical Analysis | p. 165 |
Environmental Analysis | p. 166 |
Enantiomeric Separations | p. 168 |
References | p. 169 |
IPC versus Competitive Techniques | p. 179 |
References | p. 180 |
Ion-Pairing in Different Analytical Techniques | p. 183 |
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and Related Techniques | p. 183 |
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) and Other Techniques | p. 184 |
UV-Visible Spectrophotometry | p. 184 |
Extraction and Sample Preparation | p. 185 |
References | p. 186 |
Non-Separative Applications of IPC | p. 189 |
References | p. 191 |
Conclusions and Future Research Needs | p. 193 |
Index | p. 195 |
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