Ion Sources

By: Jianrong Zhang (Editor), Huashun Zhang

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Hardcover | 8 November 1999

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Hardcover
500 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
24.77 x 16.51 x 3.18

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While dealing with the design and operation of ion sources, this book additionally discusses the physics of ion formation of the various elements with different charge states and charge neutralization. Ion selection and beam diagnostics are equally included, and the presentation of the necessary equations and diagrams for the various parameters makes this a useful handbook for ion sources.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Science Chemistry Physics Nuclear Physics Materials & States of Matter Particle & High-Energy Physics Science in General Industrial Applications of Scientific Research & Technological Innovation Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Electronics Engineering

Electronic Devices & Materials Electricity Technology in General Engineering in General

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Paperback

Published: 3rd December 2010

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Introduction	p. 1
Major Applications and Requirements	p. 1
Performances and Research Subjects	p. 1
Historical Development	p. 8
Gas Discharge Fundamentals	p. 11
Thermionic Emission	p. 11
Secondary Electron Emission	p. 12
Surface Ionization	p. 13
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions	p. 16
Collision and Probability of Collision	p. 16
Elastic Collision and Its Cross Section	p. 18
Inelastic Collision	p. 20
Ionization Cross Section	p. 21
Recombination of Charged Particles	p. 22
Mobility	p. 23
Diffusion Coefficient	p. 25
Particle Distribution in a Retardation Region	p. 26
Ambipolar Diffusion	p. 26
Magnetic Field Influence on Particle Motion	p. 28
Fundamentals of a Hot-Cathode Arc Source	p. 29
Stable Theory of the Cathode Double Sheath	p. 29
Bipolar Flow	p. 30
CathodeDoubleSheath	p. 31
Cathode Double Sheath Oscillations and Noise	p. 34
Scattering of Primary Electrons	p. 35
Beam-Plasma Interaction	p. 36
Positive Column Plasma	p. 38
Anode Region	p. 44
Minimum Pressure	p. 45
References	p. 46
Extraction Systems for Ion Sources	p. 47
Extraction Systems Requirements	p. 47
Extraction System with a Solid Emitter	p. 48
Space-Charge-Limited Flow for an Ideal Diode	p. 48
Plane Diode	p. 48
Cylindrical Diode	p. 51
Spherical Diode	p. 51
Some Universal Relationships	p. 52
Space-Charge-Limited Flow with Multiple Ion Species	p. 54
Pierce-Shape Extraction System	p. 56
High-Perveance Electron Gun	p. 57
Emittance and Brightness	p. 58
Emittance	p. 58
Brightness	p. 60
Relation Between Brightness and Emittance	p. 61
Effective Emittance	p. 62
Emittance and Brightness of an Ion Source	p. 63
Ion Extraction from a Plasma	p. 65
Plasma-Sheath Equation and the Emitting Current from a Plasma	p. 65
The "Extractable Flow" from an Extraction System	p. 70
Adjustment of Ion Emissive Surface	p. 71
Comparison between a Plasma Ion Source and an Electron Gun Extraction System	p. 72
Geometry of Extraction Systems	p. 73
Typical Types and Geometries	p. 73
Probe Extraction Systems for Low Plasma Density	p. 76
Principle and Analytical Model	p. 76
Experimental Results	p. 79
Aperture Extraction Systems for Medium Plasma Density	p. 79
Analytical Model for a Two-Electrode System	p. 80
Circular Three Electrode Extraction System	p. 83
Slit Extraction System	p. 86
Four Electrode Extraction System	p. 89
Expansion Cup Extraction System for High Plasma Density	p. 90
Some Properties of a Diffusing Plasma	p. 90
Extraction System of a Duoplasmatron Source	p. 92
Large-Area Multi-Aperture Extraction Systems	p. 95
Multi-aperture Beam Focusing by Aperture Displacement	p. 96
Power Loading of the Electrodes	p. 100
Grid-controlled Extraction System	p. 101
Research Methods of Extraction Systems	p. 103
Experimental Research	p. 103
Analytical Approaches to Beam Optics	p. 103
Numerical Simulations	p. 104
Physical Models	p. 104
Physical Equations	p. 106
Some Results	p. 108
Some Other Problems	p. 110
Transverse Magnetic Field Effects on Ion Extraction	p. 110
Technological Problems of Extraction Systems	p. 111
Suppression of Breakdown in the Lateral Extraction Ion Source	p. 111
Some Technological Problems	p. 112
References	p. 113
Positive Ion Sources	p. 116
Classification of Ion Sources	p. 116
Hot Cathodes	p. 118
Requirements and Types of Hot Cathodes	p. 118
Cathode Material and Lifetime	p. 119
Effects of Discharge Current	p. 122
Magnetic Field Effects of the Filament Current	p. 122
Plasma Cathodes	p. 123
Arc Source in a Uniform Magnetic Field	p. 125
Hot-Cathode Penning Source	p. 131
Simple Principle	p. 131
Typical Structures	p. 134
Duoplasmatron Ion Source	p. 135
General Principle	p. 135
Formation of the Constriction Double Sheath	p. 137
Primary Parameters	p. 138
Heavy Ion Duoplasmatron Source	p. 141
Hot-Cathode "Freeman" Source	p. 142
Broad Beam Ion Sources	p. 144
Cold-Cathode PIG Source	p. 148
Principles of a Cold-Cathode Penning Discharge	p. 148
Cold-Cathode PIG Sources	p. 149
Radio-Frequency Ion Source	p. 153
Principle of an RF Discharge	p. 153
Magnetic Field Effects and Structures	p. 157
Heavy Ion RF Sources	p. 159
Metallic Ion RF Sources	p. 159
RF Ion Source for Ion Thrusters	p. 161
RF Tritium Ion Source	p. 162
Beam Current Modulation from RF Sources	p. 162
Technology of Heavy Ion Sources	p. 163
Special Requirements for Heavy Ion Sources	p. 163
Types of Heavy Ion Sources	p. 164
Surface Ionization and Thermionic Emission Source	p. 165
High Field Ion Source	p. 168
Gas Field Ionization Source	p. 169
Liquid Metal Ion Source	p. 170
Feed Material	p. 174
Methods of Vapor Transport	p. 176
Design and Operation of Heavy Ion Sources	p. 179
References	p. 182
Giant Ion Sources	p. 187
DuoPIGatron Ion Source	p. 188
Essential Principle	p. 188
Improvement of the Plasma Uniformity	p. 190
Typical Results	p. 193
Periplasmatron Ion Source	p. 196
Multifilament Ion Source	p. 197
Essential Principle	p. 197
Multifilaments and Multislot Extraction Electrode	p. 199
Ionization Efficiency	p. 200
Typical Results	p. 201
Magnetic Multipole Ion Source	p. 203
General Description	p. 203
Magnetic Multipole (Multicusp) Field	p. 204
Confinement Principle of a Cusped Field	p. 204
Magnetic Field Configuration	p. 206
Influence of Other Parameters	p. 209
Typical Results and Applications	p. 212
Hall Accelerator	p. 213
Cluster Ion Source	p. 216
Intense Pulsed Ion Source	p. 218
Reflex Triode	p. 219
Magnetically Insulated Ion Diode	p. 220
Anode Plasma and Structure	p. 222
References	p. 225
Multiply Charged Ion Sources	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Formation of Multiply Charged Ions	p. 231
Physical Definitions for Multiple Ionization	p. 231
Ionization Potential	p. 231
Total and Partial Ionization Cross Section	p. 232
Distribution of Charge States and Average Charge State	p. 233
Formation of Multiply Charged Ions	p. 233
Multiple Ionization by Single Collisions	p. 233
Stepwise Single Ionization of Ions	p. 235
Stepwise Multiple Ionization of Ions	p. 238
Ionization of Metastable Atoms or Ions	p. 238
Loss Processes of Multiply Charged Ions	p. 239
Loss by Charge Transfer	p. 239
Loss by Recombination	p. 240
Loss by Diffusion	p. 241
Balance Equations for Ion Charge States	p. 243
Multiply Charged Ion Generation by Stripping of Fast Ions	p. 246
Major Research of MCIS	p. 246
Multiply Charged Electron Beam Ion Source	p. 249
Electron Beam Ion Source	p. 249
Typical Structure	p. 249
Essential Principle and Results	p. 251
Electron Beam Ion Trap	p. 255
Time-of-Flight EBIS (TOFEBIS)	p. 256
Conventional Multiply Charged Ion Sources	p. 256
Penning Multicharged Ion Source	p. 256
Introduction, Types, and Typical Structures	p. 256
The Essential Principle of Generating Multiply Charged Ions in a PIG Source	p. 257
Experimental Results	p. 258
Duoplasmatron MCIS	p. 261
Other Plasma Discharge MCIS	p. 263
Radio-Frequency Ion Source	p. 263
Electrostatic Oscillating Electron Ion Source	p. 263
Trapped Ion Source	p. 264
Microwave Ion Sources	p. 264
Electron Cyclotron Resonance Multiply Charged Ion Source	p. 264
Development and Typical Structure	p. 264
Essential Principles and Results	p. 268
High Intensity Microwave Ion Source	p. 277
Cavity Type Microwave Ion Source	p. 277
Antenna Type Microwave Ion Source	p. 281
High-intensity Microwave Proton Source	p. 282
Hot Electron Layer Ion Source (HELIOS)	p. 284
Beam-Plasma Ion Source	p. 285
High Density Plasma Sources	p. 286
Laser Multiply Charged Ion Source	p. 286
Metal Vapor Vacuum Arc Ion Sources	p. 292
Vacuum Spark Ion Source	p. 297
References	p. 297
Mass and Energy Spectra of Ion Sources	p. 304
Mass Spectra of a Hydrogen Ion Source	p. 304
Physical Processes Effecting the Mass Spectra	p. 305
Particle Balance Equations for Determining the Mass Spectra	p. 310
Proton Content of an RF Ion Source	p. 313
Mass Spectra of a Magnetic Multipole Ion Source	p. 314
Mass Spectra of a Duoplasmatron Ion Source	p. 315
Mass Spectra of a Hot-Cathode PIG Ion Source	p. 316
Mass Spectra of a Cold-Cathode PIG Ion Source	p. 317
Energy Spectra of Ion Sources	p. 318
Physical Cause of the Energy Spread	p. 318
Energy Spectra of an RF Ion Source	p. 319
Energy Spectra of Other Ion Sources	p. 322
References	p. 323
Negative Ion Sources	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Electron Affinity	p. 325
Historical Development	p. 326
Negative Ion Formation Processes	p. 327
Volume Formation of Negative Ions	p. 328
H^- Formation by Electron Impact	p. 328
Negative Ion Formation by Multiple Charge-Transfer	p. 332
Surface Formation of Negative Ions	p. 338
Work-function of Surfaces	p. 338
Surface Sputtering	p. 342
Essential Principle	p. 343
Distributions of Sputtered Particles	p. 347
Particle Reflection from a Solid Surface	p. 348
Essential Principles	p. 348
Parameter Dependence of Reflection	p. 349
Distribution of Reflected Particles	p. 350
Secondary Ion Emission	p. 352
General Principles	p. 352
H^- Ion Formation by Particle and Surface Interaction	p. 355
Other Negative Ions Formed by Sputtering	p. 356
Negative Surface Ionization	p. 357
Destruction of Negative Ions	p. 358
Destruction Processes of Negative Ions	p. 358
Cross-Sections of H^- Destruction	p. 359
Volume H^- Ion Source	p. 361
Duoplasmatron Negative Ion Sources	p. 361
Penning Negative Ion Sources	p. 363
Magnetically Filtered Multicusp Volume Sources	p. 364
Essential Principle	p. 364
Magnetic Filter	p. 364
Dependence on Various Parameters	p. 366
Cesium Seeded Multicusp H^- Source	p. 368
Giant H^- Ion Sources	p. 368
Other Volume Production Negative Ion Sources	p. 371
H^- Ion Extraction and Electron Suppression	p. 372
Surface-Plasma H^- Ion Sources	p. 374
Magnetron H^- Ion Sources	p. 374
Penning Surface-Plasma H^- Ion Sources	p. 377
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Ion Sources

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Hardcover

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Defective items

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