Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reactions

Table of Contents

 

Chapter 1 Ionic liquid catalysts

1.1 Acidic ionic liquids  

1.1.2 Bronsted acidic ionic liquids        

1.1.2 Lewis acidic ionic liquids

1.1.3 Bronsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids          

1.1.4 Heteropolyacid-based ionic liquids           

1.2 Basic ionic liquids    

1.2.2 Carboxylate ionic liquids

1.2.4 CO₂ – reactive ionic liquids         

1.2.4.1 Amino-functionalized ionic liquids        

1.2.4.2 Azolate ionic liquids    

1.2.3.3 Alcoholate and phenolate ionic liquids   

1.2.3.4 CO₂-reactive ionic liquids with multiple-sites      

1.3 Neutra ionic liquids with hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor           

1.4 Chiral ionic liquids   

 

Chapter 2 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of carbon dioxide to chemicals under metal-free conditions  

2.1 Synthesis of organic carbonates          

2.1.1 Synthesis of symmetrically linear carbonates         

2.1.2 Synthesis of asymmetrically linear carbonates        

2.1.3 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates      

2.2 Synthesis of N-containing heterocycles           

2.2.1 Synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H, 3H)-diones         

2.2.2 Synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones      

2.2.3 Synthesis of benzimidazolones     

2.3 Reductive transformation of CO₂        

2.3.1 Formylation of amines with CO₂ and hydrosilanes  

2.3.2 Reductive cyclization of X (NH, S)-o-substituted anilines with CO₂ and hydrosilanes 

2.4 Synthesis of other compounds

2.5 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Chapter 3 Ionic liquid-mediated reductive transformation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen 

3.1 Direct hydrogenation of CO₂ 

3.1.1 CO₂ hydrogenation to CO

3.1.2 Hydrogenation of CO₂ to formic acid        

3.1.3 CO₂ hydrogenation to methane    

3.1.4 CO₂ hydrogenation to C2+ hydrocarbons  

3.2 N-formylated or N-methylated reaction of amines with CO₂/H₂ 

3.3 Hydroformylation of olefin with CO₂/H₂         

3.4 Hydromethylamination of olefin with CO₂/H₂ and amines         

3.5 Carbonylation of alcohol/ethers with CO₂/H₂   

3.6 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Chapter 4 Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in ionic liquid-based electrolytes

4.1 Fundamentals of CO₂ electroreduction

4.1.1 Basic principles of CO₂ electroreduction

4.1.2 Reaction pathways of CO₂ electroreduction

4.2 Ionic liquid-based electrolytes for CO₂ electroreduction

4.2.1 CO₂ activation by IL-based electrolytes 

4.2.2 Influence of chemical structures of IL-based electrolytes 

4.2.3 Influence of composition of the IL-based electrolytes      

4.3 Electroreduction of CO₂ to various chemicals in IL-based electrolytes    

4.3.1 Electroreduction of CO₂ to HCOOH     

4.3.2 Electroreduction of CO₂ to CO 

4.3.3 Electroreduction of CO₂ to methanol     

4.3.4 Electroreduction of CO₂ to methane      

4.3.5 Electroreduction of CO₂ to C₂₊ compounds        

4.4 Electro-transformation of CO₂ into value-added chemicals        

4.4.1 Electrosynthesis of carboxylic acids      

4.4.2 Electrosynthesis of organic carbonates with CO₂

4.4.3 Electrosynthesis of organic carbamates from CO₂ and amines      

4.4.4 Electrosynthesis of methylanilines from CO₂     

4.5 Remarks and perspectives

Chapter 5 Ionic liquid-catalyzed chemical transformation of lignocellulose

5.1 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of cellulose and its derivatives      

5.1.1 Hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars         

5.1.2 Dehydration of cellulose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

5.1.3 Dehydration of cellulose and glucose to levulinic acid     

5.1.4 Oxidation of cellulose to formic acid     

5.1.5 Transesterification of cellulose to cellulose esters

5.1.6 Pyrolysis of cellulose to 5-methylfurfural          

5.2 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of hemicellulose and xylose to furfural      

5.3 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of lignin and its platforms

5.3.1 Direct depolymerization of lignin         

5.3.2 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin and its derivatives  

5.3.2.1 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin to vanillin       

5.3.2.2 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin and derivatives to aromatic carboxylic acids         5.3.2.3 Oxidative cleavage of lignin aromatic unit to diethyl maleate 

5.4 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Chapter 6 Ionic liquid catalyzed oxidation reactions

6.1 Oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes         

6.1.1 Oxidation of primary alcohols to esters  

6.1.2 Oxidation of alcohol to aldehydes or ketones      

6.2 Oxidation of organic sulfides and oxidative desulfurization       

6.2.1  Oxidation of organic sulfides   

6.2.2   Oxidative desulfurization       

6.3 Oxidative cyclization of olefins and allylic alcohols      

6.4 Oxidation of amines 

6.5 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation      

6.6 Oxidation of other compounds           

6.6.1 Oxidation of Oxime    

6.6.2 Oxidation of toluene   

6.6.3 Oxidation of organic halides

6.7 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Chapter 7 Ionic liquid catalyzed water-involved reactions

7.1 Dehydrative esterification     

7.2 Dehydrative etherification of alcohols 

7.3 Dehydration alkenylation      

7.4 Dehydrative amidation          

7.5 Ionic liquid catalyzed hydration reaction         

7.5.1 Hydration of alkynes   

7.5.2 Hydration reaction of propargyl alcohols

7.5.3 Hydration reaction of nitriles   

7.5.4 hydration of epoxides  

7.6 Hydrolysis of esters/ ethers    

7.6.1 Hydrolysis of ester      

7.6.2 Hydrolysis of cyclic carbonate 

7.7 Remarks and perspectives

 

Chapter 8 Ionic liquid-catalyzed other organic reactions

8.1 Alkylation reaction   

8.1.1 Alkylation of olefins       

8.1.2 Friedel-Crafts alkylation 

8.2 Michael addition reaction      

8.2.1 Aza-Michael reaction      

8.2.2 Synthesis of chiral chemicals       

8.3 Diels-Alder reactions

8.4 Markovnikov addition          

8.5 Knoevenagel condensation    

8.6 Aldol condensation reaction   

8.7 Ring-closing C-O/C-O and C-O/O-H bond metathesis   

8.7.1 Ring-closing metathesis of aliphatic diethers         

8.7.2 Metathesis of alkyloxy alcohols   

8.8 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Chapter 9 Ionic liquid catalyzed recycling of spent polymers

9.1 Degradation of polyesters       1

9.1.1 Degradation of PET    

9.1.2 Degradation of PLA    

9.1.3 Degradation of PHB    

9.1.4 Degradation of PSS    

9.1.5 Degradation of PC      

9.1.6 Methanolysis of PCL  

9.1.7 General approaches to decompose polyesters to carboxylic acids  

9.2 Degradation of polyamides    

9.3 Upcycling of polyolefins       

9.4 Co-upcycling of PVC and polyester    

9.5 Remarks and perspectives      

 

Acknowledgements