Jacaranda Chemistry 2 VCE Units 3 and 4, 3e learnON and Print

About This Resource ix

Acknowledgements .xvi

Unit 3 How Can Design and Innovation Help to Optimise Chemical Processes? 1

Area of Study 1 What Are the Current and Future Options for Supplying Energy?

1 Carbon-based fuels 3

1.1 Overview 4

1.2 What are fuels? 5

1.3 Thermochemical reactions 24

1.4 Fuel sources for plants and animals 39

1.5 Review 48

2 Measuring changes in chemical reactions 55

2.1 Overview 56

2.2 Fuel calculations 57

2.3 Energy from food and fuels 66

2.4 Calorimetry 73

2.5 Review 88

3 Primary galvanic cells and fuel cells as sources of energy 99

3.1 Overview 100

3.2 Redox reactions 101

3.3 Galvanic cells and the electrochemical series 112

3.4 Energy from primary cells and fuel cells 131

3.5 Calculations involved in producing electricity from galvanic cells and fuel cells 148

3.6 Review 159

Area of Study 1 Review 171

Practice examination 171

Practice school-assessed coursework 177

Area of Study 2 How Can the Rate and Yield of Chemical Reactions Be Optimised?

4 Rates of chemical reactions 179

4.1 Overview 180

4.2 Factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction 181

4.3 Catalysts and reaction rates 192

4.4 Review 201

5 Extent of chemical reactions 213

5.1 Overview 214

5.2 Reversible and irreversible reactions 215

5.3 Homogeneous equilibria 219

5.4 Calculations involving equilibrium systems 227

5.5 The reaction quotient (Q) 236

5.6 Changes to equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s principle 240

5.7 Review 261

6 Production of chemicals using electrolysis 273

6.1 Overview 274

6.2 What is electrolysis? 275

6.3 Using the electrochemical series in electrolysis 282

6.4 Commercial electrolytic cells 295

6.5 Rechargeable batteries (secondary cells) 304

6.6 Contemporary responses to meeting society’s energy needs 314

6.7 Applications of Faraday’s Laws 327

6.8 Review 335

Area of Study 2 Review 347

Practice examination 347

Practice school-assessed coursework 352

Unit 4 How Are Carbon-based Compounds Designed for Purpose? 353

Area of Study 1 How Are Organic Compounds Categorised and Synthesised?

7 Structure, nomenclature and properties of organic compounds 355

7.1 Overview 356

7.2 Characteristics of the carbon atom 357

7.3 Structure and systematic naming 363

7.4 Functional groups 374

7.5 Isomers 389

7.6 Trends in physical properties 393

7.7 Review 405

8 Reactions of organic compounds 413

8.1 Overview 414

8.2 Substitution, addition and oxidation reactions 415

8.3 Condensation and hydrolytic reactions of esters 425

8.4 Hydrolytic and condensation reactions of biomolecules 434

8.5 The production of chemicals and green chemistry 454

8.6 Review 466

Area of Study 1 Review 475

Practice examination 475

Practice school-assessed coursework 481

Area of Study 2 How Are Organic Compounds Analysed and Used?

9 Laboratory analysis of organic compounds 483

9.1 Overview 484

9.2 Tests for functional groups 485

9.3 Laboratory techniques for analysis of consumer products 496

9.4 Volumetric analysis by redox titration 506

9.5 Review 519

10 Instrumental analysis of organic compounds 527

10.1 Overview 528

10.2 Mass spectrometry 529

10.3 Infrared spectroscopy 540

10.4 NMR spectroscopy 551

10.5 Combining spectroscopic techniques 566

10.6 Chromatography 580

10.7 Review 598

11 Medicinal chemistry 613

11.1 Overview 614

11.2 Structures and isolation of organic medicines 615

11.3 Enzymes and inhibitors 627

11.4 Review 650

Area of Study 2 Review 659

Practice examination 659

Practice school-assessed coursework 666

Area of Study 3 How Is Scientific Inquiry Used to Investigate the Sustainable Production of Energy

And/or Materials?

12 Scientific investigations

12.1 Overview

12.2 Key science skills and concepts in chemistry

12.3 Characteristics of scientific methodology and primary data generation

12.4 Health, safety and ethical guidelines

12.5 Quality of data and measurements

12.6 Ways of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data

12.7 Models, theories and the nature of evidence

12.8 The limitations of investigation methodology and conclusions

12.9 Presenting findings using scientific conventions

12.10 Review

Area of Study 3 Review

Practice past VCAA exam questions focused on key science skills.

Answers 673

Glossary 739

Index 749

Appendix Periodic table of the elements 758