About this resource vii
Acknowledgements xiv
Understanding cognitive verbs 1
? History 2
1 History concepts and skills 4
1.1 Overview 5
1.2 Concepts in History 6
1.3 Ages, time and chronology 17
1.4 Detective work and archaeology 20
1.5 How old is it? 26
1.6 Skills in History 30
1.7 SkillBuilder: Sequencing events in chronological order
1.8 SkillBuilder: Describing broad patterns of change
1.9 SkillBuilder: Developing a Hypothesis
1.10 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Greek sources
1.11 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Roman sources
1.12 SkillBuilder: Analysing and corroborating ancient Egyptian sources
1.13 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives about ancient India
1.14 SkillBuilder: Analysing different perspectives about ancient China
1.15 Review 35
2 Deep time history of Australia 40
2.1 Overview 41
2.2 How do we know about the deep time history of Australia? 43
2.3 What is deep time? 47
2.4 Where and what was the land of Sahul? 50
2.5 Who were the First Peoples of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands? 56
2.6 How did First Nations Australians manage the land? 62
2.7 How did technology develop in ancient Australia? 68
2.8 What was the First Nations Australian economy? 74
2.9 How did custom and kinship shape First Nations Australian society? 80
2.10 How was life and death recognised in ancient Australia? 84
2.11 How have the world’s oldest continuing cultures changed over time? 89
2.12 How do we conserve our deep time history 92
2.13 INQUIRY: Communicating deep time culture and history 99
2.14 Review 101
3 Ancient Greece
3.1 Overview
3.2 How do we know about ancient Greece?
3.3 Who were the Minoans and Mycenaeans?
3.4 What was the Greek ‘Dark Age’?
3.5 How were Athens and Sparta governed?
3.6 What was it like to live in Sparta?
3.7 What was life like in Athens?
3.8 What do we know about Greek laws, myths, gods and oracles?
3.9 What were the Olympic Games?
3.10 How was Greece changed by wars?
3.11 What is the heritage of ancient Greece?
3.12 INQUIRY: Contested histories — did the Spartans really kill their weak babies?
3.13 Review
4 Ancient Rome 108
4.1 Overview 109
4.2 How do we know about ancient Rome? 111
4.3 How did Rome become so powerful? 115
4.4 How did the Roman Empire grow? 119
4.5 Why was the Roman army so successful? 123
4.6 How was Rome ruled? 127
4.7 How brutal was Roman slavery? 133
4.8 What was it like to live in the Roman Empire? 136
4.9 What did ancient Romans believe about death? 144
4.10 How did ancient Roman laws and religion change? 147
4.11 Why did the Roman Empire fall? 152
4.12 What is Rome’s heritage? 156
4.13 INQUIRY: Contested histories — how bad was Emperor Nero? 160
4.14 Review 163
5 Ancient Egypt 168
5.1 Overview 169
5.2 How do we know about ancient Egypt? 171
5.3 Why was the Nile so important? 175
5.4 What was Egyptian society like? 180
5.5 What did ancient Egyptians believe? 187
5.6 What’s the truth about the pyramids? 193
5.7 Who were Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Nefertiti? 199
5.8 What were the effects of war and trade? 204
5.9 Rameses II — Egypt’s greatest pharaoh? 209
5.10 What should we thank the Egyptians for? 214
5.11 INQUIRY: Powerful women — how have they been recorded and treated in history? 217
5.12 Review 220
6 Ancient India
6.1 Overview
6.2 How do we know about ancient India?
6.3 What is the geography of India?
6.4 What are the lost cities of the Indus Valley?
6.5 What contacts and conflicts did ancient India experience?
6.6 What was significant about the Mauryan Empire?
6.7 Who was Ashoka the Great?
6.8 What was the social structure of ancient India?
6.9 INQUIRY: What was behind Ashoka the Great’s sudden change in leadership style?
6.10 Review
7 Ancient China 226
7.1 Overview 227
7.2 How do we know about ancient China? 229
7.3 How did China’s civilisation begin? 232
7.4 What were life and death like in ancient China? 236
7.5 How did China’s civilisation affect its environment? 241
7.6 What were the influences of Confucianism, religions and laws? 244
7.7 How did the first emperor change China? 248
7.8 Why did the Han dynasty rise and fall? 254
7.9 What is the heritage of ancient China? 260
7.10 INQUIRY: Contested histories — how should we judge the legacy of Qin Shihuang? 265
7.11 Review 267
8 Geography concepts and skills 274
8.1 Overview 275
8.2 Concepts in Geography 276
8.3 Skills used in Geography 282
8.4 SkillBuilder: Constructing a pie Graph
8.5 SkillBuilder: How to read a map
8.6 SkillBuilder: Reading a weather Map
8.7 SkillBuilder: Creating a simple column or bar graph
8.8 SkillBuilder: Using topographic maps
8.9 SkillBuilder: Using alphanumeric grid references
8.10 SkillBuilder: Drawing a climate graph
8.11 SkillBuilder: Creating and analysing overlay maps
8.12 SkillBuilder: Annotating a photograph
8.13 SkillBuilder: Drawing a line graph
8.14 SkillBuilder: Interpreting diagrams
8.15 SkillBuilder: Cardinal points —wind roses
8.16 SkillBuilder: Creating a concept Diagram
8.17 SkillBuilder: Interpreting topological maps
8.18 SkillBuilder: Understanding satellite images
8.19 Review 295
9 Water as a resource 296
9.1 Overview 297
9.2 What are environmental resources? 298
9.3 How is water used as a resource? 302
9.4 How is groundwater a resource? 305
9.5 How does groundwater connect people? 309
9.6 How is water distributed across the world? 314
9.7 How does Australia’s climate affect its water availability? 318
9.8 Investigating topographic maps: The value of water in Noosa 323
9.9 Does everyone have enough water? 326
9.10 What water scarcity exists in Australia and the world? 333
9.11 How can people overcome water scarcity? 340
9.12 INQUIRY: What is the water quality of a local waterway? 348
9.13 Review 351
? Geography 272
10 Water variability and natural hazards 356
10.1 Overview 357
10.2 What is the difference between weather and climate? 358
10.3 What are natural hazards and natural disasters? 362
10.4 What is the impact of water variability, availability and accessibility? 366
10.5 What causes droughts and how do we manage them? 381
10.6 What are the causes and impacts of floods? 381
10.7 How are floods managed? 387
10.8 Investigating topographic maps — potential flooding on Sydney’s northern beaches 391
10.9 Why does the wind blow? 393
10.10 What causes thunderstorms and extreme weather? 400
10.11 What causes cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons? 408
10.12 INQUIRY: How do people around the world access water? 416
10.13 Review 418
11 Choosing a place to live 424
11.1 Overview 425
11.2 What creates a sense of place? 426
11.3 Why do people live in certain places? 430
11.4 What are liveable places? 436
11.5 What is it like living in remote places? 443
11.6 Why do people choose to live in the country? 454
11.7 Why do people choose to live in the city? 461
11.8 How do places change? 465
11.9 Why do people choose to live on Country? 472
11.10 Investigating topographic maps — Griffith, Nsw 476
11.11 INQUIRY: What is my place like? 478
11.12 Review 480
12 Liveable places 484
12.1 Overview 485
12.2 What is liveability? 486
12.3 Where are the most liveable cities? 490
12.4 Is Perth a liveable city? 494
12.5 Is there a connection between liveability and sustainable living? 498
12.6 What makes a city less liveable? 502
12.7 How can liveability be improved? 511
12.8 What makes our communities liveable? 518
12.9 How does connection to Country make places liveable? 523
12.10 Investigating topographic maps: Liveability in Badu and Moa 528
12.11 INQUIRY: Liveable cities investigation 531
12.12 Review 533
? Civics and Citizenship 538
13 Civics and Citizenship concepts and skills 540
13.1 Overview 541
13.2 Concepts in Civics and Citizenship 542
13.3 Skills in Civics and Citizenship 545
13.4 SkillBuilder: Notetaking
13.5 SkillBuilder: Writing inquiry questions for research
13.6 SkillBuilder: Writing argument Paragraphs
13.7 SkillBuilder: Writing a submission
13.8 SkillBuilder: Debating an issue
13.9 SkillBuilder: Creating political media
13.10 Review 549
14 The Australian government and active citizenship 550
14.1 Overview 551
14.2 What is the role and structure of the Commonwealth Parliament? 552
14.3 What are the roles and structures of the state and territory parliaments? 556
14.4 Why do we have different levels of government? 561
14.5 What does ‘equality for all’ mean? 568
14.6 What is ‘active citizenship’? 575
14.7 How are our democratic freedoms protected? 579
14.8 INQUIRY: Sharing the power 584
14.9 Review 586
15 The legal system and you 590
15.1 Overview 591
15.2 What are the principles of justice? 592
15.3 Where did our justice system come from? 598
15.4 How do Australian courts work? 602
15.5 What is the presumption of innocence? 607
15.6 What is a fair trial? 613
15.7 Can everyone access justice? 620
15.8 INQUIRY: Access for First Nations Australian women — #Freeher 625
15.9 Review 626
16 Australian citizenship, diversity and identity 630
16.1 Overview 631
16.2 Should we celebrate our multicultural society? 632
16.3 What role does religion play in Australian society? 636
16.4 How do we promote cohesion in Australian society? 641
16.5 INQUIRY: Religious Discrimination Bill debate 644
16.6 Review 647
? Economics and Business 650
17 Economics and business concepts and skills 652
17.1 Overview 653
17.2 Concepts in Economics and Business 654
17.3 Skills in Economics and Business 661
17.4 SkillBuilder: Conducting research
17.5 SkillBuilder: Interpreting and explaining graphs
17.6 SkillBuilder: Evaluating a business plan
17.7 SkillBuilder: Writing a business case study
17.8 Review 664
18 Our economy — consumers, producers and government 666
18.1 Overview 667
18.2 What are our needs and wants? 668
18.3 What are the types of businesses and why do they exist? 674
18.4 How can we use our finite resources sustainably? 681
18.5 What are your rights as a consumer? 684
18.6 What responsibilities do businesses, producers and government have to you? 691
18.7 INQUIRY: How did First Nations Australians satisfy their needs and wants? 700
18.8 Review 702
19 Work and entrepreneurship 706
19.1 Overview 707
19.2 What is the role of the entrepreneur? 708
19.3 How do values influence entrepreneurial decision-making? 712
19.4 What other factors contribute to the success of entrepreneurs? 716
19.5 What is the role of First Nations Australian entrepreneurs? 721
19.6 What are sources of income? 725
19.7 What contribution can work make to individuals and society? 731
19.8 What are the different types of work? 736
19.9 INQUIRY: Innovation and entrepreneurs 742
19.10 Review 744
Glossary 748
Index 758
