Karst Hydrology and Physical Speleology

1. Karstifiable Rocks.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Evaporites.- 1.2.1 Anhydrite and Gypsum.- 1.2.2 Rock Salt Halite.- 1.3 Carbonate Rocks: Limestone and Dolomite.- 1.3.1 Limestone and Dolomite.- 1.3.2 Differences between Limestone and Dolomite.- 1.3.3 Limestones.- 1.3.4 Structure of Limestones.- 1.3.5 Permeabuity of Limestone Rock.- 1.3.6 Reefs.- 2. Processes of Dissolution of Karstifiable Rocks, Corrosion.- 2.1 Dissolution of Gypsum and Rock Salt.- 2.2 Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks.- 2.2.1 CO2 on Either Side of the Interface Air/Solution.- 2.2.2 The Kinetics of CO2.- 2.2.3 Dissolution of CaCO3.- 2.2.4 Influence of Other Ions.- 2.2.5 Mixing Corrosion.- 2.2.6 Cooling Corrosion and Thermal Mixing Corrosion.- 2.2.7 Pressure Dependence of Limestone Solutions.- 2.2.8 Comparison and Evaluation of the Types of Corrosion.- 2.2.9 Further Possibilities of Corrosion in the Phreatic Zone.- 2.3 Karst Denudation.- 3. A General View of Exokarst.- 3.1 Karren, the Small Solution Feature.- 3.1.1 Introduction.- 3.1.2 The Genetic System of Karren Forms.- 3.1.3 Karren and Karst Hydrology.- 3.1.4 Pseudokarren.- 3.2 Small, Closed Hollows in Karst.- 3.2.1 Dolines.- 3.2.2 On the Morphology of Dolines.- 3.2.3 Cenotes.- 3.2.4 Karst Window and Karst Gulfs.- 3.2.5 Cockpits.- 3.2.6 Uvalas (Slovenic).- 3.3 Corrosion Plains.- 3.4 Fluvial Karst Forms: Karst Valleys, Dry Valleys.- 3.5 Glacial Karst.- 3.6 Poljes.- 4. Endokarst and Karst Hydrology.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Origin of the Water in Endokarst.- 5. Physical Behavior of Karst Water.- 5.1 Hydrological Perviousness - Karst Hydro logical Activity - Velocity of Flow.- 5.2 Catchment Area - Local Base Level.- 5.3 Shallow and Deep Karst.- 5.4 Pressure Flow - Gravitational Flow; the Cave River.- 5.5 Piezometric Surface.- 5.5.1 Introduction.- 5.5.2 Static Karst Water-Body, Local Base Level.- 5.5.3 The Bernoulli Effect (Equation of Continuity).- 5.5.4 Torricelli's Theory (Law of Outflow).- 5.5.5 Loss of Pressure in Flowing Water.- 5.5.6 Losses Through Friction, Losses of Pressure.- 5.5.7 Analysis of an Inaccessible Water-Course.- 5.5.8 Cavitation.- 5.6 Poljes as Karst-Hydrological Regulating Factors.- 6. The Karst Hydrological Zones.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Vadose Zone.- 6.2.1 Inactive Vadose Zone.- 6.2.2 Feeders.- 6.2.3 High-Water-Zone.- 6.3 Phreatic Zone.- 7. Karst Water - Groundwater.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Underground Water.- 7.3 "Karst Barre".- 7.4 Blocked Karst.- 8. Underground Karst Levels.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Cave Level of the Piezometric-Surface Type - Evolution Level.- 8.3 Cave Levels According to the Type of River-Bed.- 9. Karst Springs.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Classification of Karst Springs.- 9.3 Vauclusian Springs and Other Large Karst Springs.- 9.4 Periodic Springs - Ebb and Flow Springs (Intermittent Springs).- 9.4.1 Periodic Springs.- 9.4.2 Intermittent Springs, Ebb and Flow Springs.- 9.4.3 Episodic Springs.- 9.5 Subaqueous Springs.- 9.5.1 Sublacustrine Springs.- 9.5.2 Submarine Springs - Vrulje.- 9.5.3 The Sea Mills of Argostoli.- 9.6 Physicochemical Properties of the Water of a Karst Spring.- 9.6.1 Discharge.- 9.6.2 Variations in Temperature.- 9.6.3 Chemistry of Spring Water.- 10. Tracers.- 10.1 Tracers.- 10.2 The Tracer-Diagram.- 11. Incasion, Breakdown.- 12. Speleomorphology, the World of Forms Created by the Subterranean Removal of Matter.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Large Forms.- 12.2.1 Passages - Passages Cross-Sections.- 12.2.2 Ceiling Half-Tube Passage.- 12.2.3 Dome - Bell-Shaped Dome - Chamber.- 12.2.4 Shafts.- 12.3 Small Forms.- 12.3.1 Cave Karren.- 12.3.2 Potholes, Inverse Solution Pockets.- 12.3.3 Scallops and Ceiling Dents.- 13. Cave Sediments.- 13.1 Clastic Sediments.- 13.1.1 Coarse Clastic Sediments.- 13.1.2 Fine Clastic Sediments.- 13.1.3 Conditions of Sedimentation.- 13.1.4 Interpretation of a Sediment Profile.- 13.1.5 Clay Minerals - Heavy Minerals.- 13.1.6 Small Forms of Fine Clastic Sediments.- 13.2 Organic Sediments.- 13.2.1 Phytogenic Sediments.- 13.2.2 Coprogenic Sediments.- 13.2.3 Cave Phosphates.- 13.3 Chemical Sediments.- 13.3.1 Limestone Deposits.- 13.3.2 Cave Sulphates, Gypsum.- 13.3.3 Cave Minerals.- 14. Speleogenetics.- 14.1 The Role of Joints and Bedding Interstices in Speleogenetics.- 14.2 The Development from Interstice to Cave Passage Under Phreatic Conditions.- 14.3 The Development to a Cave Level.- 14.4 Primary and Secondary Vadose Cave Formation.- 14.5 Widening of Interstices.- 14.6 Phases in the Development of Cavities.- 15. Speleometerology - Speleoclimatology.- 15.1 Movement of Air in Caves.- 15.1.1 Exogenous Factors of Pressure Differences.- 15.1.2 Endogenous Causes of Pressure Differences.- 15.1.3 Cave Winds as a Result of Temperature Contrast Between Open Atmosphere and Underground Cavities.- 15.1.4 Air Movements Caused by Flowing Water.- 15.2 Cave Temperatures.- 15.3 Humidity of the Air.- 16. Ice Caves.- 17. Classification of Underground Cavities.- 17.1 Definition of Cave.- 17.2 Genetic Classification.- 17.2.1 Primary Caves.- 17.2.2 Secondary Caves.- 17.3 Geological-Petrographical Classification.- 17.4. Classification According to Size.- 17.5. Classification According to Prominent Characteristics.- Appendix (A) Conventional Cave Signs.- References.- Plates.