Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a

With a Survey of Other Wall Paintings in the Pueblo Southwest

By: Watson Smith

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Hardcover | 1 October 2005 | Edition Number 1

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481 Pages

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27.75 x 20.5 x 4.05

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From 1935 to 1939, the Peabody Museum sponsored an archaeological expedition at the ancient Pueblo and early Spanish colonial site of Awatovi on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. The multidisciplinary project attracted professional and avocational scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Former lawyer Watson Smith was, at the time, an enthusiastic amateur archaeologist. He joined the expedition as a volunteer during the 1936 season and became one of its most productive researchers, as well as one of the Southwest's foremost archaeological scholars.

In this classic volume of the Peabody Museum Papers series, first published in 1952, Smith reported on the remarkable painted murals found at Awatovi and other Puebloan sites in the underground ceremonial chambers known as kivas. Now reissued in a stunning facsimile edition, the volume includes color reproductions of the original serigraphs by Louie Ewing. Smith's groundbreaking work first brought to public and scholarly attention the sacred wall-painting tradition of the aboriginal American Southwest. The aesthetic power and symbolic imagery of this artistic tradition still fascinates today. Archaeologists, art historians, collectors, and artists alike will welcome the return of this long out-of-print classic.

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Non-Fiction History Specific Events & Topics in History Social & Cultural History Society & Culture Social Groups Ethnic Studies Indigenous Peoples Arts & Entertainment Art Forms Decorative Arts Archaeology

Archaeology by Period & Region History of Art & Design Styles Art Styles Not Defined by Date Naive Art

Background and General Discussion	p. 3
Place of ceremonial in Pueblo life	p. 3
The kiva and its characteristics	p. 3
Jeddito kivas	p. 5
Physical characteristics	p. 5
Alterations of kivas	p. 6
Use of adobe bricks in the Southwest	p. 9
Remarks on terminology used herein	p. 9
Explanation of the arrangement of the report	p. 12
Objective Description of Painted Walls in the Jeddito	p. 13
Materials and methods employed in their construction	p. 13
Masonry and mortar	p. 13
Reinforcing materials and methods	p. 14
Comparative data from other villages	p. 15
Zuni	p. 15
Modern Hopi	p. 16
Other examples	p. 16
Finish plaster	p. 16
Method of application	p. 18
Analysis and source of constituents of plaster	p. 18
Renewals of plaster coats	p. 19
Evidence of the practice in the Jeddito	p. 19
Probable frequency of renewals and reasons therefor	p. 19
Material characteristics of the mural decorations	p. 21
Paint	p. 22
Pigments-source, analysis	p. 22
Pigments used in Franciscan Church at Awatovi	p. 24
Comparative data on Pueblo pigments	p. 25
Spanish reports on pigments	p. 27
Preparation of the pigments and other ingredients of the paint	p. 30
Application of paint	p. 31
Field Methods of Excavation, Preservation, and Reproduction of Mural Paintings	p. 33
Excavation and protection	p. 33
Methods used at Kuaua, in the Rio Grande Valley	p. 33
Discovery of Awatovi murals	p. 33
Differences between conditions at Kuaua and in the Jeddito	p. 34
Methods used in Jeddito kivas	p. 34
Copying and recording	p. 37
Removal by stripping	p. 38
Attempts to remove Mayan mural paintings	p. 38
Cleaning the surface	p. 39
Application of stripping solution	p. 39
Formulae of solutions used	p. 40
Application of protective covering	p. 41
Process of removal	p. 42
Remounting of stripped painting	p. 43
Backing or reinforcing material	p. 43
Adhesive	p. 44
Synthetic plaster base	p. 45
Application of stripping to the backing	p. 45
Removal of muslin and stripping solution	p. 46
Reproductions in color	p. 47
Painting on synthetic plaster	p. 47
Painting on illustration board	p. 47
Preparation of the surface	p. 48
Application of the designs	p. 50
General History and Distribution of the Custom of Kiva Mural Painting	p. 53
Mural decoration distinguished from pictographs	p. 53
Outline of Pueblo chronology	p. 54
Occurrences of prehistoric Pueblo mural paintings	p. 55
Pueblo II	p. 55
Alkali Ridge, Utah	p. 55
Montezuma County, Colorado	p. 56
Mancos Canyon, Colorado	p. 56
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico	p. 56
Pueblo III	p. 57
Western San Juan area	p. 57
Lowry Ruin	p. 57
Montezuma Canyon, Utah	p. 58
McElmo Canyon, Colorado	p. 58
Hagoe Canyon, Arizona	p. 59
Tsegi Canyon, Arizona	p. 59
Kanab Creek, Utah	p. 59
Mesa Verde, Colorado	p. 59
Cliff Palace	p. 61
Spruce-Tree House	p. 61
Painted Kiva House	p. 62
New Fire House	p. 62
Mug House	p. 63
Square Tower House	p. 63
Sandal Cliff House	p. 63
Aztec Springs, Colorado	p. 63
Aztec Ruin, New Mexico	p. 64
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico	p. 64
Zuni region, New Mexico	p. 65
Upper Gila and Tularosa region	p. 65
Gallina region, New Mexico	p. 65
Canyon de Chelly, Arizona	p. 66
Beautiful Valley, Arizona	p. 67
Three Turkey House	p. 67
Summary of Pueblo III mural decoration	p. 67
Pueblo IV	p. 68
Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico	p. 68
Galisteo Basin, New Mexico	p. 70
Chama Valley, New Mexico	p. 70
Sierra Ancha, Arizona	p. 70
Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico	p. 70
Historical background of early Spanish Entradas	p. 70
Chamuscado's expedition	p. 71
Espejo's expedition	p. 71
Early Spanish reports of painted walls	p. 73
Gallegos and Bustamante	p. 73
Espejo and Luxan	p. 73
Villagra	p. 73
Problem of identity of Puarai	p. 75
The mural paintings of Kuaua	p. 76
Other examples of Pueblo IV mural paintings	p. 77
Paako	p. 77
Pecos	p. 77
Paquime	p. 77
Chichilticalli	p. 77
Cibola	p. 78
Acoma	p. 79
The puzzling problem of the tirasoles	p. 80
Tusayan	p. 82
Distribution in Pueblo IV	p. 83
Pueblo V	p. 83
Jemez	p. 84
The Keresan villages	p. 88
Santo Domingo	p. 88
Cochiti	p. 88
San Felipe	p. 89
Santa Ana	p. 89
Sia	p. 89
Laguna	p. 90
Acoma	p. 90
The Tanoan villages	p. 90
Isleta	p. 91
Sandia	p. 91
Tesuque	p. 91
San Ildefonso	p. 91
Santa Clara	p. 92
San Juan	p. 92
Taos	p. 92
Nambe	p. 92
Zuni	p. 92
Hopi	p. 95
Navaho tradition of wall painting	p. 103
Summary of distribution and history of Pueblo wall painting	p. 104
Analyses of the Layouts, Patterns, and Design Elements of the Jeddito Mural Paintings	p. 106
General discussion of analytical method	p. 106
Layout Group I defined	p. 107
Layout Group II defined	p. 110
Layout Group III defined	p. 111
Layout Group IV defined	p. 112
Details characteristic of the several layout groups	p. 112
Presence or absence of particular elements	p. 112
Characteristics common to all groups	p. 113
Methods of applying paint	p. 113
With finger tips	p. 113
Use of "fading" or spatter work	p. 113
Outlining of color areas	p. 114
Overpainting of colors	p. 116
Characteristics peculiar to each of the several groups	p. 117
Characteristic features of Layout Group I	p. 117
Static character	p. 118
Balance and symmetry	p. 119
Particular objects portrayed	p. 120
Anthropomorphs	p. 120
Kilts	p. 120
Sashes and belts	p. 120
Leg bands	p. 121
Body paint	p. 122
Shirts	p. 122
Mantles	p. 122
Arm bands	p. 122
Bandoleer	p. 122
Necklaces	p. 122
Breast pendants	p. 123
Umbilicus	p. 123
Facial embellishment	p. 123
Pipes	p. 123
Ear-pendants	p. 123
Headdresses	p. 124
Large Zoomorphic figures	p. 124
Small Zoomorphs	p. 126
Dragonflies	p. 126
Butterflies	p. 126
Fish	p. 126
Frogs or horned lizards	p. 126
Birds	p. 127
Small mammals	p. 128
Smaller details	p. 129
Medallions	p. 129
Feathers	p. 129
Prayer-sticks or pahos	p. 130
Breath feathers	p. 131
Tiponis	p. 131
Rabbit stick	p. 131
Netted gourds	p. 131
Ears of corn	p. 132
Lightning	p. 132
Clouds and rain	p. 133
Standards or altar-slats	p. 133
Mounds or cones	p. 133
Rainbows	p. 134
Growing plants	p. 134
Detached blossoms and fruit	p. 134
Bowls	p. 134
Problematical objects	p. 135
Layout Group II	p. 135
Characteristics of style	p. 135
Freedom and movement	p. 135
Lack of symmetry or balance	p. 137
Particular elements	p. 137
Dragonfly	p. 137
Fish	p. 137
Feathers	p. 137
Prayer-sticks or Pabos	p. 140
Birds	p. 140
Anthropomorphs	p. 140
Dissimilarities between anthropomorphs of Groups I and II	p. 141
Layout Group III	p. 142
Subgroup 1	p. 142
Subgroup 2	p. 143
Subgroup 3	p. 144
Layout Group IV	p. 145
Subgroup 1	p. 145
Subgroup 2	p. 147
Certain stylistic features of the several groups	p. 147
Methods of depicting feet of animals	p. 147
Two-eyed animals	p. 147
Amphibian and fish (?)	p. 147
Perspective (?)	p. 148
Artistic sources of the "Jeddito school" of decoration	p. 148
Comparative analysis of the murals of Kuaua	p. 150
Analysis and Ceremonial Significance of the Jeddito Murals	p. 163
Extent of ethnographic studies among the Pueblos	p. 163
Identification of Jeddito murals with modern ritual	p. 164
Difficulties of interpretation	p. 164
Lo, The inscrutable	p. 164
Limitation of ritual knowledge to a few individuals	p. 166
Subjective limitations of the investigator	p. 167
Representation and symbolism	p. 168
Unwarranted imputation of symbolism	p. 168
Particular symbols	p. 170
Color symbolism	p. 170
Identification of particular design elements in the Jeddito paintings	p. 172
General	p. 172
Feathers	p. 173
Eagle-tail feathers	p. 175
Turkey-tail feathers	p. 179
Parrot feathers	p. 180
Other feathers	p. 181
Birds	p. 183
Parrots	p. 183
Other birds	p. 183
Conventionalized birds	p. 188
Bird footprints	p. 188
Symbolism of birds	p. 189
Prayer-sticks or pabos	p. 189
Double prayer-sticks	p. 190
Single prayer-sticks	p. 192
Crook prayer-sticks	p. 194
Slab prayer-sticks	p. 195
Annulets and cylinders	p. 196
Tiponis	p. 198
Staffs	p. 201
Aspergills, feather bundles, etc	p. 201
Mammals	p. 202
Mountain lion	p. 202
Wildcat	p. 205
Bear	p. 206
Wolf	p. 208
Coyote	p. 208
Dog	p. 209
Badger	p. 209
Fox	p. 210
Skunk	p. 210
Robona (?)	p. 210
Deer and antelope	p. 212
Non-mammalian zoomorphs	p. 212
Snakes or serpents	p. 212
Lizards	p. 216
Frogs or horned toads	p. 217
Tadpoles	p. 219
Fish	p. 219
Butterflies	p. 222
Dragonflies	p. 223
Mythical monsters	p. 223
Other ceremonial paraphernalia	p. 225
Ears of corn	p. 225
Maize and other plants	p. 229
Tuini	p. 231
Netted gourds	p. 232
Cones or mounds	p. 233
Phallic symbols	p. 234
Gaming sticks	p. 234
Blossoms	p. 234
Pipes and breath clouds	p. 237
Eagle eggs	p. 238
Shields	p. 238
Sun or sun shield	p. 240
Banners	p. 242
Moon	p. 243
Stars	p. 243
Clouds	p. 244
Rainbows	p. 247
Lightning	p. 248
Ceremonial bowls	p. 249
Crenellate bowls	p. 250
Possible evolution of the crenellate bowl	p. 251
Designs on mural bowl representations	p. 252
Possible inferences from the mural bowls	p. 260
Chronological inferences	p. 260
Inferences of specialized styles	p. 260
Slabs or tiles	p. 261
Modern examples	p. 262
Examples from Kawaika-a	p. 262
Prehistoric examples from other sites	p. 265
Awatovi	p. 265
Sikyatki	p. 266
Chevlon and Homolovi	p. 266
Four Mile, Pinedale, and Showlow	p. 266
Point of Pines	p. 267
Southern Utah	p. 267
Winona	p. 267
Kinishba	p. 267
Petrified Forest	p. 268
Mimbres area	p. 268
Pueblo Bonito	p. 268
Canyon del Muerto	p. 268
Pecos	p. 269
Piro village	p. 269
Textile representations	p. 270
On dance kilts	p. 270
Modern kilts	p. 270
Decoration on modern kilts	p. 272
Similarity to mantas	p. 273
Representations of modern kilts with horizontal borders	p. 273
Designs of kilts represented in Jeddito mural paintings	p. 276
With horizontal borders	p. 276
All-over solid-color patterns	p. 279
Patterns of rows of dots and open squares	p. 280
Possible skin kilt	p. 282
Shirts	p. 282
Sashes and belts	p. 283
Blanket designs	p. 288
Nature of possible decorative techniques applied to contemporary textiles	p. 289
Embroidery	p. 289
Animal skins used in costume	p. 291
Bandoleers	p. 292
Masks and headdresses	p. 293
Use in modern Pueblo ceremonials	p. 293
Possible masks in Jeddito mural paintings	p. 294
Identification of particular personages	p. 295
Hahai'wuqti	p. 296
Soyok'wuqti	p. 296
He'ee or Chakawaina Mana	p. 298
Pokomat kachina	p. 298
Kokopelli and Kokopelmana	p. 299
War gods	p. 302
Ahul	p. 303
A'losaka	p. 304
One-horn and parrot feather mask	p. 306
Apparent modern affiliations with Jeddito masks	p. 306
Tabletas	p. 308
History of the use of masks by the Pueblos	p. 308
Possibly identifiable unmasked personages	p. 310
Ava'chhoya	p. 310
Pai'yakyamu	p. 311
Personages in Powamu ceremony	p. 311
Symbolic warriors in Soyal ceremony	p. 312
Miscellaneous symbolic devices	p. 313
Awanyu	p. 313
"House marks" (?)	p. 313
Snow or rain (?)	p. 313
Clouds or Bow clan signature (?)	p. 314
Anchor or bird track (?)	p. 314
Unidentifiable fragments	p. 314
Chronology and Significance of the Jeddito Murals	p. 315
Chronology	p. 315
Dendrochronology	p. 317
Summary	p. 318
Interpretations and significance of the wall paintings as a whole	p. 319
References	p. 327
Index	p. 351
List of Tables
Catalogue of all kivas excavated at Awatovi and Kawaika-a, indicating the number of painted layers as well as the total number of all layers, painted and sterile on the walls of each	p. 10
Selected list of prehistoric kivas with number of plaster layers in each	p. 17
Tabular analysis of features characteristic of particular kilts and sashes worn by anthropomorphic figures in the Jeddito mural paintings	p. 121
Comparative breakdown of more prominent and significant general features and component elements contained in all those paintings of Layout Groups I and II that exhibit remnants of "naturalistic" as distinguished from purely geometric details	p. 138
Complete lists of individual paintings within each layout group	p. 152
Complete catalogue of individual paintings listed according to provenience	p. 156
Relative frequencies of various conventions for depicting clouds used in modern Pueblo villages and mural paintings of Kuaua and the Jeddito	p. 244
Distribution of different styles of eye conventions among published illustrations of Pueblo masks	p. 307
Distribution of mural paintings of the several layout groups arranged in approximate chronological sequence as determined by the pottery complexes represented in the fill of individual rooms	p. 318
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a

With a Survey of Other Wall Paintings in the Pueblo Southwest

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Hardcover

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