| List of Illustrations | p. xi |
| List of Tables | p. xvii |
| Preface and Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| Three Centuries of Physical Inquiry | |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Voyageurs and Missionaries (1610-1700) | p. 2 |
| Trade and Wars (1700-1820) | p. 4 |
| The Cass Expedition (1820) | p. 5 |
| Canals, Ships, Wrecks, Charts (1825 to the Present) | p. 8 |
| Beginnings of Government Investigations of Fisheries: Early Academic Initiatives (1870-1900) | p. 13 |
| U.S. Department of the Interior, Great Lakes Fishery Investigations (1925-1940) | p. 14 |
| U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Anti-Lamprey Campaign (1940 and Continuing) | p. 15 |
| Expansion of Research at the Universities of Michigan and Toronto; Initiation of the Great Lakes Research Conferences (1953 and Continuing) | p. 17 |
| Government Agencies, and Commissions Concerned with Lake Research and Management | p. 19 |
| Expansion of Great Lakes Research during the 1960s and Beyond | p. 24 |
| Establishment of NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL, 1974) | p. 26 |
| Some Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 28 |
| The Lake Basin: Excavated by Ice, Shaped by Shore Erosion and Sediment Transport | |
| Birth of the Basin | p. 31 |
| Chronology and Regional Variation of Crustal Rebound | p. 35 |
| Form and Dimensions of Today's Basin | p. 36 |
| Shore Types and Their Erosion | p. 37 |
| Shifting Sediments: (I) on the Beaches | p. 41 |
| Shifting Sediments: (II) Migration Offshore; Episodic Re-suspension by Storm Waves | p. 44 |
| Particles Suspended in Offshore Water Columns | p. 51 |
| The Burial Ground for Recent Sediments Located, Not at Maximum Depth, but along the Eastern Slope of the Southern Basin | p. 54 |
| Water Transparency | p. 56 |
| Water Levels and Flows | |
| Introduction: Components of the Water Budget | p. 59 |
| Long-Term Changes in Water Level | p. 61 |
| Michigan-Huron Water Levels before 1860, Corrected for Postglacial Land Rebound | p. 65 |
| The St. Clair River Outflow from Michigan-Huron | p. 67 |
| The Diversions | p. 68 |
| Water Exchanges between the Michigan and Huron Basins | p. 69 |
| How Long, on Average, is a "Conservative" Pollutant Retained in Lake Michigan? | p. 71 |
| Lake Water as a Resource | p. 74 |
| The Seasonal Cycles of Heating/Cooling and Layering/Mixing | |
| Introduction | p. 79 |
| Winter Cooling | p. 79 |
| Spring Warm-up and Development of Nearshore Thermal Fronts | p. 85 |
| Wind-Induced Perturbations of Spring Thermal Fronts and Summer Thermoclines | p. 91 |
| Summer 1942 Correlation between: (I) P. E. Church's Temperature Transects; (II) Lake Water Intake Temperatures; and (III) Wind | p. 93 |
| Annual Heat Budgets and Related Meteorological Variables | p. 98 |
| Autumnal Cooling | p. 98 |
| The Influence of Human Activities on the Lake's Thermal Regime, Now and in the Future | p. 102 |
| The Lake as a Possible Renewable Energy Source | p. 106 |
| Parade of Lake Currents | |
| Modus Operandi in This and Following Chapters | p. 109 |
| Current-Wind Comparisons at Differing Distances from Shore and in Different Seasons | p. 110 |
| Turbulent Flow and Formation of the Upper Mixed Layer | p. 112 |
| Consequences of Earth-Spin for Currents as Seen by Earthbound Observers | p. 118 |
| Inertial Current Responses to Impulsive and Unsteady Wind | p. 121 |
| Upper Layer Response to Relatively Steady Wind (Ekman Drift) | p. 124 |
| Geostrophically Balanced Currents | p. 130 |
| Vertical Transports | p. 133 |
| Whole-Basin and Partial-Basin Circulation Patterns, Including Contributions from Long Waves | p. 136 |
| Categories and Models of Waves | |
| What Is a Wave? | p. 141 |
| Radiation of Energy by Wave Groups Moving out from Areas of Wave Generation | p. 142 |
| The Climate of Short Surface Waves on the Lake | p. 143 |
| Short Progressive Internal Waves and Stability Oscillations | p. 147 |
| Rotation-Affected Long Waves in Model Channels and Basins of Uniform Depth | p. 148 |
| Nomenclature of Rotation-Affected Waves | p. 153 |
| Wave Reflection at Shore Barriers-Models of Standing Waves and Seiches in Rectangular Channels and Basins | p. 154 |
| Combination of Two Oppositely Propagating Kelvin Waves | p. 157 |
| Sverdrup Waves Combined to Form Poincare Waves in Rotating Rectangular Model Channels | p. 160 |
| Sverdrup and Poincare Wave Theory | p. 162 |
| Vorticity Waves (Topographic Rossby Waves) in Basins of Non-Uniform Depth | p. 166 |
| Forced Oscillation and Resonance | p. 168 |
| Nonlinear Internal Wave Responses to Strong Forcing | p. 169 |
| Long Surface Waves: Seiches, Tides, and Storm Surges | |
| History of Observations of Low-Frequency Fluctuations in Lake Surface Level (Seiches) | p. 173 |
| Spectral Analysis of Water Level Records-The Method | p. 175 |
| Spectral Analysis of Water Level Records-Results for Longitudinal Seiches | p. 178 |
| The Semidiurnal Lunar Tide | p. 180 |
| The Crossbasin Seiche | p. 182 |
| Forced Oscillation and Resonances in Green Bay | p. 185 |
| The Michigan-Huron Co-oscillation | p. 190 |
| Storm Surges | p. 193 |
| Whole-Basin Structure of Main-Basin and Green Bay Seiche Modes | p. 195 |
| Probing the Underwater Wave Field | |
| Signals from Internal Waves Arriving at Municipal Lake Water Intakes | p. 197 |
| The 1963 Campaign: A Calm Start | p. 200 |
| The 1963 Campaign Continued: A Short Burst of Wind Starts Near-Inertial Oscillation | p. 202 |
| The 1963 Campaign Continued: Dramatic Perturbations of Thermocline Topography during and after Storms | p. 208 |
| An Internal Response of Stratified Green Bay to Near-Periodic Wind Forcing | p. 211 |
| Complications Facing the Interpreter of Fixed-Point Current and Temperature Records | p. 214 |
| The 1963 Findings and Avenues for Future Research | p. 217 |
| Models in Action | |
| Introduction | p. 221 |
| Storm Surges | p. 222 |
| Surface Wave Predictions | p. 224 |
| The Amphidromic Surface Seiche Modes | p. 225 |
| The Double Resonance in Green Bay | p. 229 |
| Poincare Wave Models: Propagation Restriction in Rectangular Channels | p. 234 |
| Further Model Combinations Compared with Poststorm Lake Responses | p. 236 |
| Adjustment after Downwelling | p. 239 |
| The Way Ahead | p. 244 |
| Hydrodynamic Constraints on Biological Production and Human Affairs | |
| The Water/Sediment Column: A Stage for the Biological Play | p. 249 |
| Localized Light and Nutrient Control of Spring Production at Nearshore Thermal Fronts | p. 252 |
| Control Exerted by Oxygen Fluxes | p. 256 |
| The Nature and Consequences of the Lake's Interactions With Humankind | p. 258 |
| Public Health | p. 260 |
| Introductions of Alien Species | p. 260 |
| The History of Loadings to the Lake of Phosphorus, Toxic Contaminants, and Chloride | p. 261 |
| Annual Coupled Cycles of Sediment/Water Exchange of Phosphorus, Water Column Dynamics, and Biological Production | p. 265 |
| Aquatic Science and Public Policy-the Lake in Court, a Cause Celebre | p. 270 |
| The Contribution of Scientists to the Lake's Future Environmental Well-Being | p. 277 |
| Postscript | p. 280 |
| Sources Cited | p. 281 |
| Index of Personal Names | p. 295 |
| Subject Index | p. 299 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
