Acknowledgements List of Figures Preface: Hope Chapter 1: Language, Colonialism, Capitalism: Walking Backwards into the Future 1.1 Language and Inequality: A Warty Approach to a Red Thread World 1.2 Red Flags: Keywords, Hegemonies, Ideologies, and Warty Genealogies 1.3 Language Out of Place 1.4 Knotted Histories 1.5 The End of the Beginning PART I: LANGUAGE, INTIMACY, AND EMPIRE Chapter 2: Language and Imperialism I: Conversion and Kinship 2.1 "The First Nations Bible Translation Capacity-Building Initiative" 2.2 Colonialism, Imperialism, Postcolonialism, Decolonization 2.3 Intimacy and Connection Across Four Continents 2.4 Reduced to and by Christian Love: Missionary Linguistics 2.5 Family Trees, Comparative Philology and Secular Religion Chapter 3: Language and Imperialism II: Evolution, Hybridity, History 3.1 "Mixing Things Up" 3.2 Imperialism and Industrial Capitalism 3.3 Evolutionary Theory: Language and/as Race 3.4 Slavery, Plantation, Labour, Trade & "Mixed" Languages 3.5 Americanist Anthropology: The Limits of Cultural Critiques of Evolutionary Racism 3.6 Linguistic Relativity, Colonial Ambivalence, and Modern Alienation PART II: THE CONTRADICTIONS OF LANGUAGE IN INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM Chapter 4: Language, Nation, State: Legitimizing Inequality 4.1 "Le Symbole" 4.2 The Emergence of the Nation-State in Europe 4.3 Markets and Liberal Democracy 4.4 Making Subjects Through Language 4.5 Language and Differential Citizenship 4.6 Creating Peripheries 4.7 Institutional Interaction: Regulating Relations in Industrial Capitalism 4.8 Making Scientific Linguistic Expertise Chapter 5: Internationalism, Communism and Fascism: Alternative Modernities 5.1 "Visions of the Future" 5.2 International Auxiliary Languages (IALs): Peace, Geopolitics and Structural Linguistics 5.3 Making Communist Linguistics 5.4. Language and Fascism 5.5 Fault-lines PART III: BRAVE NEW WORLDS: LANGUAGE AS TECHNOLOGY, LANGUAGE AS TECHNIQUE Chapter 6: The Cold War: Surveillance, Structuralism and Security 6.1 "Black Out" 6.2 Battles for Hearts and Minds 6.3 Internal Security: The Investigation of Linguists During the McCarthy Period 6.4 Suspicious Words, Suspicious Minds 6.5 Infrastructure and Institutionalization: Communication Studies, Area Studies, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics 6.6 The New Search for Friction-Free International Communication: Machine Translation and the Rise of Syntax 6.7 Nineteen Eighty-Four as a Weapon of the Cold War Chapter 7: On the Origins of 'Sociolinguistics': Democracy, Development and Emancipation 7.1 "A Dialectologist in India" 7.2 Engineering Language: Literacy, Standardization and Education 7.3 Language Policy and Planning: Technocratic Solutions 7.4 Domestic Development and American Sociolinguistics 7.5 Challenging Consensus 7.6 The Rise of Sociolinguistics in Europe: Class and Conflict 7.7 The End of the Trente Glorieuses Chapter 8: Language in Late Capitalism: Intensifications, Unruly Desire and Re-Imagined Worlds 8.1 "Nayaano-nibii maang Gichigamiin" 8.2 Late Capitalism: The Expanding Reach of the Market and the Neoliberal State 8.3 Legitimizing Language and Critiquing Critique: Debates about Language and Inequality 8.4 Managing Your Assets: Language Quality, Linguistic Diversity and Citizenship 8.5 Brave New Selves: "I am a Business, Man!" 8.6 Harnessing Desire: Affect, Authenticity and Embodiment 8.7 Re-Capturing the Commons 8.8 Hands On, Hands Off: Reclamation, Redress, Refusal and Re-Imagining 8.9 This is How We Hope