Contributors xii
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvi
About the Companion Website xviii
1 Hospital Biosecurity 1
Leslie Hiber, CVT, BS
Introduction 2
Cycle of Infection 2
Transmission 3
Patient Placement in the Hospital 7
Proper Gowning Techniques 9
Hand Hygiene 12
Disinfection and Sterilization 14
Hospital Management 18
Infection Control Programs 18
Surveillance 20
Multidrug-Resistant Organisms, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sp., and Zoonotic Diseases 20
Zoonotic Diseases 21
Summary 22
References 22
Activities 23
2 Restraint 25
Ann Elizabeth Goplen, DVM, Sergio Gonzales, BS, Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Darcy DeCrescenza, CVT, Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 26
Basic Behavior of Large Animals 26
Equine Restraint 28
Bovine Restraint 35
Small Ruminant Restraint 41
Camelid Restraint 45
Swine Restraint 48
References 51
Activities 51
3 History 53
Stacie K. Seymour, DVM and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 53
Equine 54
Ruminants 57
Camelids 61
Porcine 62
Multiple Species Management 64
References 64
Activities 65
4 Physical Exam 67
Scott R.R. Haskell, DVM, MPVM, PhD, Bonnie L. Loghry, BAS, MPH, RVT, Carrie J. Finno, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, Kristen Wegner- Fowley, DVM, DACVAA, Erin Matheson Barr, RVT, Jamie DeFazio, AS, CVT, VTS (EVN), William Gilsenan, VMD, DACVIM (LAIM), and Amy L. Johnson, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM & Neurology)
Introduction 68
Equine Physical Exam 69
The Equine Pain Score 87
Food Animal Physical Exam 92
Summary 101
References 101
Activities 103
5 Nutrition 104
Kara M. Burns, MS, MEd, LVT, VTS (Nutrition) and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 104
Equine Nutrition 107
Hand-Fed/Stall-Fed Animals 116
Assessment of Nutritional Status 116
Cattle Nutrition 117
Camelid Nutrition 130
Swine Nutrition 131
Backyard Chicken Nutrition 136
Summary 139
References 139
Activities 140
6 Clinical Procedures 142
Annette M. McCoy, DVM, MS, DACVS, Erica McKenzie, BSc, BVMS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVSMR, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 143
Venous Catheterization 143
Arterial Catheterization 147
Urinary Catheterization 148
Tracheostomy 150
Blood Products and Administration 152
Medication Administration 154
Respiratory Treatments 162
Fluid Administration 163
Intraosseous Administration 166
Nasogastric and Orogastric Intubation 166
Transfaunation 170
Ongoing Monitoring 171
Nursing Care for the Recumbent Patient 173
Dentistry 177
References 181
Activities 183
7 Diagnostic Procedures 185
Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN), JoAnn Slack, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM), Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Rolf B. Modesto, VMD, and Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM)
Introduction 186
Abdominocentesis 186
Arthrocentesis 188
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) 189
Blood Sampling 191
Biopsies 194
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 200
Coagulation Studies 202
Dermatology 205
Electrocardiogram 206
Endoscopy 215
Milk Cultures 219
Thoracocentesis 220
Transtracheal Wash 222
References 223
Activities 226
8 Medical Imaging 228
Myra F. Barrett, DVM, MS, DACVR, Kurt Selberg, MS, DVM, DACVR, Sheryl Ferguson, CVT, VTS (LAIM), JoAnn Slack, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM), and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 228
Safety and Quality 229
Radiography 229
Nuclear Scintigraphy 254
Ultrasonography 256
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 264
Computed Tomography 268
C-arm 269
References 271
Activities 272
9 Reproduction 274
Harry Momont, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACT, Celina M. Checura, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl ACT, Zach Loppnow, DVM, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 275
Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction 275
Clinical Examination of the Male and Female for Breeding Soundness 281
Reproductive Disorders 286
Reproductive Management 286
Artificial Insemination 287
Embryo Transfer 288
In Vitro Fertilization 288
Placentitis 292
Equine Dystocias 293
Retained Placenta 295
Brooding 298
Hatchling Management 299
References 299
Activities 300
10 Anesthesia and Surgery 302
Shana Lemmenes, CVT, VTS (EVN), Jennifer Halleran, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM), and Meagan Smith, RVT, VTS (Anesthesia and Analgesia)
Introduction 303
Large Animal Surgery Considerations 303
Large Animal Sedation and Anesthesia 303
Local Blocks 305
Extremities 307
Equine Surgery 312
Ruminant Surgery Considerations 332
Bovine Surgery 337
Small Ruminant Surgeries 344
Camelid Surgeries 349
Pig Surgeries 353
References 356
Activities 357
11 Neonatology 359
Laura Lien, MS, CVT, VTS (LAIM), Kim Schreiber Young, BS, DVM, and Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN)
Introduction 359
Perinatal Period 360
Neonatal Infections 362
Premature Neonates 364
Nursing Care 368
References 375
Activities 375
12 Diseases 377
Fernando J. Marques, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM), William Gilsenan, VMD, DACVIM (LAIM), Amy L. Johnson, DVM, DACVIM (LAIM & Neurology), Shirley Sandoval, BAS, LVT, VTS (LAIM), Sian Durward- Akhurst, BVMS, Lauren Hughes, DVM, Stephanie Rutten- Ramos, DVM, PhD, Sue Loly, LVT, VTS (EVN), Heather Hopkinson, RVT, VTS (EVN), CCRP, Derek Foster, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM), and Danielle Mzyk, DVM, PhD
Introduction 377
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) 378
Actinobacilosis – See Wooden Tongue 379
Actinomycosis – See Lumpy Jaw 379
Acute Hypocalcemia – See Milk Fever 379
Anaplasmosis 379
Anemia 380
Anterior Uveitis 380
Anthrax 381
Aspergillosis (a.k.a. Brooders Pneumonia, Mycotic Pneumonia, Pneumomycosis) 383
Atrophic Rhinitis 383
Azoturia – See Rhabdomyolysis 384
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (a.k.a. Red Water Disease, Clostridial Hepatitis) 384
Blackleg – See Clostridial Myonecrosis 385
Bloat (Ruminal Tympany) 385
Blue Tongue (a.k.a. BTV, Catarrhal Fever) 386
Botulism 386
Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) 388
Bovine Herpes Virus 1 Infection (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis [IBR]) 389
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV); Adult Lymphosarcoma 389
Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS) 390
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – See Mad Cow Disease 391
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) 391
Persistent Infection (PI) 391
Acute BVD Infection 391
Hemorrhagic Syndrome 392
Reproductive Implications 392
Congenital Disease 392
Mucosal Disease 392
Brucellosis 393
Calf Scours 393
Campylobacteriosis 394
Cancer Eye – Squamous Cell Carcinoma 395
Candidiasis (Thrush) 395
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) 395
Cataracts 397
Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy (CVSM, a.k.a. Wobbler’s Syndrome) 398
Choke 399
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (a.k.a. Heaves, COPD, RAO) 400
Clostridial Myonecrosis (a.k.a. Clostridrial Myositis, Blackleg, Malignant Edema, Gas Gangrene) 401
Clostridium perfringens Diarrhea (a.k.a. Pulpy Kidney Disease) 402
Colitis 403
Contagious Ecthyma (a.k.a. Orf, SoreMouth) 404
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) 404
Copper Toxicity 405
Corneal Stromal Abscess 406
Corneal Ulceration 407
Cutaneous Papillomas – See Warts 408
Dermatophilosis (a.k.a. Rain Scald, Rain Rot, Cutaneous Streptothricosis, Lumpy Wool) 408
Dermatophytosis – See Ringworm 409
Digital Dermatitis (Hairy Heel Wart, Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis, Mortellaro’s Disease) 409
Enterotoxemia 410
Entropion 411
Eperythrozoonosis 412
Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM) 412
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome 413
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) 414
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) 416
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia – See Moldy Corn Disease 417
Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) 417
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) 418
Equine Recurrent Uveitis 419
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) 420
Equine Viral Encephalitis (EEE, WEE, VEE) 421
Erysipelas 423
Escherichia coli 423
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER; a.k.a. Monday Morning Disease, Azoturia, Equine Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome, Tying-up, Chronic ER) 424
Fescue Toxicity 425
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) 426
Foot Rot (Infectious Pododermatitis) 427
Fowl Cholera 428
Fowl Pox 428
Fungal Keratitis 429
Gastric Ulceration – See Equine Gastric Ulceration Syndrome 430
Glasser Disease (Haemophilus parasuis) 430
Glaucoma 430
Grass Tetany 432
Guttural Pouch Empyema 432
Guttural Pouch Mycosis 433
Head Trauma 434
Heaves – See Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 435
Hepatic Encephalopathy 435
Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever) 436
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) 437
Hypocalcemia – See Milk Fever 438
Immune-Mediated Myositis (a.k.a. IMM) 438
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK, “Pink eye”) 439
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis – See Bovine Herpesvirus 440
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) 440
Infectious Pododermatitis – See Foot Rot 440
Influenza 440
Iodine Deficiency 441
Johne’s Disease (Paratuberculosis) 442
Ketosis 443
Laminitis 444
Leptospirosis 445
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia – See Moldy Corn Disease 445
Listeriosis 445
Lumpy Jaw (Actinomycosis) 446
Mad Cow Disease (a.k.a. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) 447
Malignant Hyperthermia (Porcine Stress Syndrome) 448
Marek’s Disease 449
Mastitis 450
Melanoma 451
Milk Fever (Hypocalcemia) 452
Moldy Corn Disease (a.k.a. Equine Leukoencephalomalacia) 453
Navicular Disease 454
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), Maedi-Visna 455
Paratuberculosis – See Johne’s Disease 455
Pasteurella Pneumonia 455
Pemphigus Foliaceus 456
Phenylbutazone Toxicity 457
Pleuropneumonia (a.k.a. Shipping Fever) 458
Polioencephalomalacia 459
Polyneuritis Equi (Cauda Equina Neuritis) 460
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (a.k.a. PSSM, EPSM, EPSSM) 461
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) 462
Potomac Horse Fever (a.k.a. Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Equine Ehrlichial Colitis, Ditch Fever, PHF) 463
Precocious Udder (Inappropriate Lactation) 464
Pseudorabies (PRV, Aujeszky’s Disease) 465
Pulpy Kidney Disease (Type D Enterotoxemia, Overeating Disease) 465
Purpura Hemorhagica – See Strangles 466
Q Fever 466
Rabies 467
Recurrent Airway Obstruction – See Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 468
Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) aka. Favus 468
Ruminal Tympany – See Bloat 469
Salmonellosis 469
Scrapie 470
Septic Arthritis 471
Sheep and Goat Pox 472
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (a.k.a. Cancer Eye) 472
Strangles (Purpura Hemorrhagica) 474
Streptococcal Infections 475
Swine Fever – See Hog Cholera 476
Swine Influenza 476
Tetanus 477
Ulcerative Dermatosis 478
Urolithiasis 478
Vesicular Stomatitis 480
Warts (Cutaneous Papillomas) 481
West Nile Virus Infection (WNV) 481
White Muscle Disease 482
Wooden Tongue (Actinobacilosis) 483
References 484
Activities 488
Multiple Choice Questions Answer Bank 490
“Test Your Learning” Answer Bank 495
Glossary 503
Index 510
