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COLREGS and the current U.S. Inland Rules are arranged in much more orderly fashion than their predecessors, and the authors have followed the same order in treating the individual Rules. In addition to the Rules, the book covers damages, both-to-blame collisions, and official investigations. It also includes chapters on pilotage, towage, marine pollution, limitation of liability, marine insurance, salvage, and general average, all in relation to collisions.
Foreword | p. xix |
Preface | p. xxi |
Acknowledgments | p. xxiii |
Table of Cases | p. xxv |
Basic Principles of Collision Law | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Definition | p. 3 |
Historical Background | p. 3 |
The Incidence of Marine Collisions | p. 9 |
Jurisdiction in Collision Cases | p. 10 |
Subject Matter Jurisdiction in Civil Cases | p. 10 |
Jurisdiction In Personam and In Rem | p. 12 |
Maritime Liens and Arrests In Rem | p. 14 |
Forum Non Conveniens | p. 16 |
Civil Jurisdiction in Other Countries | p. 17 |
The Civil Jurisdiction Convention of 1952 | p. 18 |
The C.M.I. Draft Convention of 1977 | p. 20 |
Penal Jurisdiction | p. 22 |
Choice of Law | p. 24 |
Substantive and Remedial Questions | p. 24 |
Jurisdiction, Practice, and Procedure | p. 24 |
Maritime Liens | p. 24 |
Equipment and Manning | p. 26 |
Navigation | p. 27 |
Damages | p. 28 |
Effect of Mutual Fault | p. 29 |
Limitation of Liability | p. 35 |
Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments | p. 35 |
The Basis of Liability for Collision Damages | p. 40 |
Fault as the Basis of Liability | p. 40 |
The Former "Major-Minor Fault" Rule | p. 40 |
Error In Extremis | p. 41 |
Last Clear Chance | p. 41 |
Inevitable Accident | p. 42 |
Inscrutable Fault | p. 42 |
Establishing a Cause of Action | p. 44 |
Burden of Proof, Presumptions, and Permissible Inferences | p. 44 |
Collisions between Moving Vessels | p. 44 |
Collisions of Moving Vessels with Anchored, Moored, and Grounded Vessels, and with Fixed Structures | p. 44 |
The Pennsylvania Rule | p. 45 |
The Pennsylvania Rule and Improper Manning or Equipment | p. 54 |
Failure to Call Material Witnesses | p. 55 |
Failure to Produce Logbooks and Other Records | p. 55 |
Alterations and Erasures in Logbooks and Other Records | p. 56 |
Failure to Stand By | p. 56 |
Admissions in Pleadings | p. 57 |
Judicial Notice | p. 58 |
Evidence Admissible in Collision Litigation | p. 58 |
Introduction | p. 58 |
Depositions "De Bene Esse," | p. 60 |
Documentary Evidence: Logbooks and Other Records of Regularly Conducted Activities aboard Vessels (Fed. R. Evid. 803[6]) | p. 62 |
Public Records (Fed. R. Evid. 803[8]) | p. 66 |
Records of Official Investigations (Fed. R. Evid. 803[8][c]) | p. 66 |
International and Inland Rules: Part A--General Provisions | p. 71 |
Rule 1: Application of the Rules | p. 71 |
Rule 2: Responsibility | p. 74 |
Good Seamanship | p. 74 |
Special Circumstances | p. 77 |
Rule 3: General Definitions | p. 80 |
International and Inland Rules: Part B(I)--Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility | p. 83 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
The Scope of the Chapter | p. 83 |
Electronic Aids to Navigation | p. 83 |
Rule 5: Look-out | p. 92 |
Preliminary Note | p. 92 |
Historical Overview | p. 93 |
Rule 5 and Related Provisions | p. 93 |
Applicability of Rule 5 | p. 94 |
Legal Effect of a Failure to Maintain a Proper Look-out | p. 95 |
Noncontributory Failure to Maintain a Proper Look-out | p. 97 |
Maintenance of a Proper Look-out | p. 99 |
Rule 6: Safe Speed | p. 104 |
Introduction | p. 104 |
"Moderate" Speed under the Former Rules | p. 105 |
"Safe" Speed under COLREGS and the Inland Rules | p. 110 |
Applicability of Radar and ARPA to Safe Speed | p. 111 |
Regulations Relating to Radar and ARPA | p. 112 |
Factors to Be Taken into Account by Radar-Equipped Vessels | p. 113 |
The Proper Use of Radar Information | p. 116 |
The Half-Distance Rule under COLREGS and the Inland Rules | p. 117 |
Safe Speed in Clear Weather under Rule 6: Swell Damage | p. 119 |
Rule 7: Risk of Collision | p. 125 |
Introduction | p. 125 |
What Constitute "All Available Means," | p. 129 |
Radar and the Determination of Risk of Collision | p. 129 |
The Duty to Watch Compass Bearings | p. 131 |
Rule 8: Action to Avoid Collision | p. 134 |
Introduction | p. 134 |
Decisions Applying Rule 8 | p. 137 |
Rule 8 in Relation to Other Rules | p. 141 |
Rule 9: Narrow Channels | p. 143 |
Introduction | p. 143 |
Purpose of the Rule | p. 145 |
Statutory Requirements of the Basic Rule (9[a]) | p. 146 |
Local Customs | p. 151 |
Correct Charts | p. 152 |
Rule 10: Traffic Separation Schemes | p. 153 |
Introduction | p. 153 |
Enforcement Issues under Public International Law | p. 155 |
Rules of the Road in the VTS | p. 159 |
Navigational Errors in the VTS | p. 162 |
International and Inland Rules: Part B(II)--Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another | p. 166 |
Introduction | p. 166 |
Rule 12: Sailing Vessels | p. 166 |
Rule 13: Overtaking | p. 168 |
Introduction | p. 168 |
Application of the Overtaking Rule | p. 168 |
Overtaking under COLREGS and under the Inland Rules | p. 170 |
Overtaking and Risk of Collision | p. 171 |
When Rule 13 Begins to Apply | p. 174 |
Conduct of the Overtaking Vessel | p. 177 |
Conduct of the Overtaken Vessel | p. 180 |
Rule 14: The Head-on Situation | p. 182 |
Introduction | p. 182 |
Head-on and Crossing Distinguished | p. 184 |
The Point-Bend Custom on the Mississippi, and Other Customs | p. 186 |
Rule 15: The Starboard-Hand Rule | p. 188 |
Origins of the Starboard-Hand Rule | p. 188 |
Applicability of the Starboard-Hand Rule | p. 189 |
Obligations of the Port-Hand Vessel | p. 191 |
Obligations of the Starboard-Hand Vessel | p. 192 |
Rule 18: Responsibilities between Vessels | p. 199 |
International and Inland Rules: Part B(III)--Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility | p. 200 |
Introduction | p. 200 |
Application of the "Fog Rules," | p. 201 |
Obligations of Vessels Navigating in or near Restricted Visibility Areas | p. 203 |
Safe Speed | p. 203 |
Avoidance of Close-Quarters Situations | p. 204 |
Action Required upon Detecting the Presence of Another Vessel Forward of the Beam | p. 204 |
International and Inland Rules: Part C--Lights and Shapes | p. 206 |
Introduction | p. 206 |
Historical Background of the Light Rules | p. 206 |
Applicability of the Light Rules | p. 207 |
The Pennsylvania Rule and the Light Rules | p. 207 |
The "Positive-Negative" Rule in Relation to Lights | p. 210 |
An Analysis of the Principal Light Rules | p. 211 |
Definitions and Visibility Requirements | p. 211 |
Lights Required on Power-Driven Vesels Underway | p. 212 |
Towing Operations | p. 213 |
Sailing Vessels and Oar-Propelled Vessels | p. 215 |
Fishing Vessels | p. 215 |
Vessels Not under Command; Vessels Restricted in Maneuverability | p. 217 |
Vessels Constrained by Their Draft | p. 218 |
Pilot Vessels | p. 219 |
Anchored Vessels | p. 219 |
Seaplanes | p. 220 |
International and Inland Rules: Part D--Sound and Light Signals | p. 221 |
Introduction | p. 221 |
Historical Background | p. 221 |
Definitions | p. 222 |
Equipment for Sound and Light Signals | p. 222 |
Maneuvering Signals | p. 223 |
Under COLREGS: The Rudder Change Concept | p. 223 |
Under the U.S. Inland Rules: The Contractual Concept | p. 224 |
Application of the Rules Relating to Maneuvering Signals | p. 226 |
Failure to Sound a Required Maneuvering Signal | p. 226 |
The Half-Mile Rule | p. 228 |
The Danger Signal | p. 228 |
"Fog" Signals | p. 232 |
Differences between COLREGS Rule 35 and Inland Rule 35 | p. 232 |
When "Fog" Signals Must Be Commenced | p. 233 |
Frequency of "Fog" Signals | p. 234 |
Failure to Sound "Fog" Signals When Required | p. 234 |
Sounding Improper "Fog" Signals | p. 234 |
Other Sound and Light Signals | p. 237 |
Bend Signals | p. 237 |
Slip Whistles | p. 238 |
Signals to Attract Attention | p. 238 |
Distress Signals | p. 239 |
Pilotage in Collision Cases | p. 240 |
Definitions and Duties | p. 240 |
Types of Pilotage | p. 240 |
The Master's Duty of Supervision | p. 241 |
Compulsory Pilotage | p. 242 |
In Rem Liability | p. 243 |
In Personam Liability of Owners | p. 243 |
Nonliability of Pilot Associations | p. 244 |
Voluntary or Noncompulsory Pilots | p. 245 |
Docking Pilots | p. 245 |
The Pilotage Clause | p. 246 |
Application of the Pilotage Clause to the Towed Vessel's Damage Claim | p. 249 |
Application of the Pilotage Clause to the Tugboat's Damage Claim | p. 250 |
Application of the Pilotage Clause to Damage Claims of Third Parties: Indemnification of Tugboat Owners | p. 250 |
Collisions Involving Tugs and Tows | p. 252 |
Introduction | p. 252 |
Liability Principles | p. 253 |
Negligence | p. 253 |
Navigational Duties of the Tug in Collision Cases | p. 254 |
Negligence Clauses in Towage Contracts | p. 262 |
Insurance Coverage and Waiver of Subrogation | p. 264 |
Collisions between Tows and Other Vessels | p. 266 |
The Dominant Mind | p. 267 |
Water Pollution from Collision | p. 270 |
Introduction | p. 270 |
International Liability Schemes for Accidental Pollution | p. 271 |
The 1969 Civil Liability Convention (CLC) | p. 272 |
The 1971 Fund Convention | p. 273 |
The U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) | p. 275 |
Background of OPA 90 | p. 275 |
The OPA 90 Liability Regime | p. 276 |
Limitation of Liability under OPA 90 | p. 278 |
Financial Responsibility under OPA 90 | p. 280 |
Absence of Preemption: State Laws | p. 280 |
Governmental Removal and Procedure for Making Claims under OPA 90 | p. 281 |
Penalties under OPA 90 | p. 282 |
Damages under OPA 90 | p. 283 |
Interest | p. 288 |
The General Maritime Law | p. 288 |
Liability | p. 289 |
Creation of Liability | p. 291 |
Assessment of Damages | p. 292 |
Punitive Damages | p. 300 |
Liability of the Nondischarging Vessel in Collision Cases | p. 301 |
Both-to-Blame Collisions: Apportionment of Liability | p. 303 |
Historical Introduction | p. 303 |
The Former Rule of Equal Division of Damages | p. 303 |
Proportional Fault | p. 305 |
The New Rule of Reliable Transfer | p. 305 |
Inscrutable Fault and Impossible Allocation of Fault | p. 308 |
Abolition of Obsolete Doctrines after Reliable Transfer | p. 308 |
Causation and Culpability in Fault Doctrine | p. 310 |
Liability for Cargo Loss and Damage in Both-to-Blame Cases | p. 312 |
Several Liability versus Joint and Several Liability of Tort-feasors for Cargo Loss and Damage | p. 312 |
The Rule of Several Liability | p. 313 |
The Rule of Joint and Several Liability to Innocent Cargo | p. 315 |
Effect of the Elimination of the Equal Division Rule | p. 317 |
Application of the Proportional Fault Rule in Collision Cases since 1975 | p. 318 |
The Standard for Review | p. 319 |
Examples of Apportionment | p. 320 |
Shipowners' Damages in Collision Cases | p. 337 |
Introduction | p. 337 |
Conventions and Rules | p. 337 |
Appellate Review of Decisions on Collision Damages | p. 338 |
Bifurcated Trials | p. 339 |
Punitive Damages | p. 339 |
Remedies of Claimants | p. 340 |
American and English Approaches to Negligence | p. 341 |
Damages in Total Loss Cases | p. 343 |
General Principles | p. 343 |
Market Value | p. 344 |
Establishing Value When There Is No Market | p. 345 |
Constructive Total Loss | p. 350 |
Loss of Profitable Use in Total Loss Cases | p. 351 |
Incidental Expenses in Total Loss Cases | p. 352 |
Damages in Partial Loss Cases | p. 355 |
Basic Principles | p. 355 |
Unseaworthiness as a Condition Precedent to Recovery for the Cost of Immediate Dry-docking and Repairs | p. 356 |
Surveys | p. 357 |
Repair Bills | p. 358 |
Incidental Expenses in Partial Loss Cases | p. 359 |
Estimated Cost of Repairs of Unrepaired Damage | p. 360 |
Detention Damages in Repairable Damage Cases | p. 362 |
General Observations | p. 362 |
Vessels under Time Charter | p. 364 |
Vessels Operating for Owner's Account | p. 365 |
Detention Claims of Time or Voyage Charterers | p. 373 |
The "New-for-Old" Doctrine in Repairable Damage Cases | p. 374 |
Interest on Damages | p. 376 |
Rates of Exchange | p. 378 |
Shipowners' Limitation of Liability in Collision Cases | p. 380 |
Introduction | p. 380 |
International Perspective | p. 381 |
Precis of U.S. Limitation of Liability | p. 385 |
Venue | p. 385 |
Time Bar | p. 386 |
The Limitation Fund | p. 387 |
"Privity or Knowledge," | p. 389 |
Limitation of Liability in Both-to-Blame Collision Cases | p. 393 |
The Single Liability Rule | p. 393 |
Innocent Claimants' Right to Priority | p. 395 |
Conclusion | p. 396 |
Salvage and General Average in Collision Cases | p. 398 |
Review of the Elements of Salvage | p. 398 |
Property Rights of the Salved Vessel Owner; Consequences of Abandonment | p. 403 |
Special Defenses to Salvage Claims | p. 405 |
Salvage of One Colliding Vessel by the Other | p. 407 |
When the Salvor Is in Fault for a Collision | p. 407 |
Proportional Faults of Salvors and Salvaged Vessels | p. 408 |
When the Salving Vessel Is Free of Fault | p. 408 |
Review of the Fundamentals of General Average | p. 408 |
The York-Antwerp Rules | p. 409 |
Disputed Claims for General Average Contributions | p. 412 |
Marine Insurance in Collision Cases | p. 415 |
Introduction | p. 415 |
Collision Losses and Liabilities Covered by Marine Insurance | p. 415 |
The Applicable Law: The General Maritime Law and Wilburn Boat | p. 416 |
The Running Down (Collision) Clause | p. 418 |
Coverage under the Running Down Clause | p. 418 |
Hybrid Clauses | p. 421 |
Specially Constructed Endorsements | p. 422 |
Tug and Tow Problems under the Running Down Clause | p. 423 |
Cross-insurance Endorsements | p. 424 |
The Basis of Liability Under the Running Down Clause | p. 426 |
Tort and Contract | p. 426 |
Indemnity and Liability | p. 427 |
Exceptions under the Running Down Clause | p. 428 |
Legal Costs of Attack or Defense | p. 428 |
Sister-Ship Clauses | p. 431 |
Protection and Indemnity Insurance | p. 433 |
Losses Covered | p. 433 |
Direct Actions against PandI Insurers | p. 438 |
Official Investigations of Collisions | p. 440 |
Introduction | p. 440 |
U.S. Coast Guard Investigations | p. 440 |
Failure to Report an Incident | p. 441 |
Initiation of an Investigation | p. 441 |
Conduct of an Informal Investigation | p. 442 |
Formal Investigations | p. 442 |
Deliberation and Report | p. 442 |
Admissibility of Reports | p. 443 |
Proceedings for the Suspension and Revocation of Licenses, Certificates, and Documents | p. 445 |
Preferral of Charges | p. 445 |
Administrative Hearings | p. 446 |
Conduct of the Proceeding | p. 446 |
Deliberation and Decision | p. 447 |
Appeal from an Adverse Finding | p. 447 |
Collateral Estoppel | p. 448 |
U.S. Naval Investigations | p. 449 |
Fact-finding Bodies | p. 449 |
Procedures of Courts of Inquiry and Formal Investigations | p. 450 |
The Report | p. 452 |
Action by Reviewing Authorities | p. 453 |
Admiralty Claims Involving Naval Vessels | p. 453 |
National Transportation Safety Board Investigations | p. 456 |
Investigations | p. 457 |
Parties to the Investigation | p. 458 |
Report and Reconsideration | p. 458 |
Admissibility of NTSB Reports in Litigation | p. 459 |
Penal Proceedings in Collision Cases | p. 460 |
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) | p. 463 |
Authors' Introductory Note | p. 463 |
Statutory Provisions Preceding COLREGS | p. 463 |
International Regulations | p. 465 |
Annexes to the International Regulations | p. 485 |
Statutory Provisions Following COLREGS and the Annexes Thereto | p. 493 |
The Inland Navigation Rules | p. 496 |
Authors' Introductory Note | p. 496 |
Inland Navigation Rules | p. 496 |
Annexes to the Inland Navigation Rules | p. 508 |
Inland Navigation Rules: Implementing Rules | p. 517 |
Inland Navigation Rules: Interpretative Rules | p. 521 |
Violations of the Inland Navigation Rules | p. 521 |
Statutes | p. 523 |
Extract from the Limitation of Liability Act | p. 523 |
Vessel Bridge-to-Bridge Radiotelephone Act | p. 525 |
Extension of Admiralty Jurisdiction Act | p. 528 |
Suits in Admiralty Act | p. 528 |
Public Vessels Act | p. 531 |
Extract from the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899, as Amended | p. 532 |
Extract from the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 | p. 533 |
Overview of Coastal State Laws on Oil Pollution Damages and Cleanup | p. 537 |
International Conventions | p. 541 |
Extract from Annex to the Safety of Life at Sea Convention, 1974 (SOLAS 1974) | p. 541 |
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with Respect to Collisions between Vessels | p. 544 |
International Convention on Certain Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision | p. 547 |
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision or Other Incidents of Navigation | p. 549 |
International Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims | p. 550 |
Protocol of 1996 to Amend the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976 | p. 558 |
Extract from the International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going Ships, 1952 | p. 563 |
Extracts from Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) | p. 567 |
The C.M.I. Lisbon Rules on Compensation for Damages in Collision Cases, 1987 (6 Benedict Doc. No. 3-4A) | p. 573 |
C.M.I. Draft Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction, Choice of Law, and Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matters of Collision | p. 578 |
Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (L.O.F. 1995) | p. 582 |
Illustrations of Adjustments in Both-to-Blame Collision Cases | p. 591 |
American Institute Hull Clauses | p. 595 |
Preliminary Acts | p. 606 |
Extract from The Master's Role on Collecting Evidence | p. 609 |
Bibliography | p. 614 |
Index | p. 616 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780870335051
ISBN-10: 0870335057
Published: 31st July 2009
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 672
Audience: College, Tertiary and University
Publisher: Schiffer Publishing
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 22.9 x 15.2 x 5.08
Weight (kg): 0.97
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