LDA Application Methods

Laser Doppler Anemometry for Fluid Dynamics

By: Zhengji Zhang

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Hardcover | 27 August 2010

At a Glance

Hardcover
272 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 15.5 x 1.75

Hardcover

$187.31

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This technical book considers the application side of LDA techniques. Starting from the basic theories that are crucial for each LDA user, the main subject of the book is focused on diverse application methods. In details, it deals with universal methodical techniques that have been mostly developed in the last 15 years. The book thus gives for the first time an application reference for LDA users in improving the optical conditions and enhancing the measurement accuracies. It also provides the guidelines for simplifying the measurements and correcting measurement errors as well as for clarifying the application limits and extending the application areas of LDA techniques. Beside the treatments of some traditional optical and flow mechanical features influencing the measurement accuracies, the book shows a broad spectrum of LDA application methods in the manner of measuring the flow turbulence, resolving the secondary flow structures, and quantifying the optical aberrations at measurements of internal flows etc.. Thus, it also supports the further developments of both the hard- and software of LDA instrumentations.

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Paperback

Published: 13th October 2012

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Introduction	p. 1
Flows and Flow Measurements	p. 1
Traditional Methods of Flow Measurements	p. 2
Laser Methods and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA)	p. 2
Developments of LDA Fundamentals and Instrumentations	p. 4
Developments of LDA Application Methods	p. 5
Purposeful Flow Measurements and Rational Measurement Evaluations	p. 8
Purposes of this Book	p. 9
Specifications of Engineering Turbulent Flows	p. 11
Turbulent Flow Properties	p. 11
Statistical Views of Flow Turbulences	p. 11
Isotropic and Anisotropic Turbulences	p. 13
Reynolds Turbulent Stresses	p. 15
LDA Principles and Laser Optics	p. 19
Light Wave and Its Propagation	p. 19
The Doppler Effect	p. 22
Superposition of Two Plane Light Waves	p. 24
LDA Principle	p. 27
Fringe Model on the Light Interference	p. 29
Frequency Shift Method to Resolve the Flow Direction	p. 32
Fringe Shift Speed	p. 34
Gaussian Beam Properties	p. 35
Geometrical Specifications of the Gaussian Beam	p. 35
Transmission Performance of the Gaussian Beam	p. 38
Measurement Volume Size	p. 39
LDA Systems	p. 41
Hardware and Optical Components	p. 41
Specification of LDA Measurement Volumes	p. 44
Basic Data Processing Methods in LDA Measurements	p. 47
Direct Data Processing for Mean Velocities and Velocity Fluctuations	p. 47
Weighting Facilities of Mean Velocity and Fluctuations	p. 51
Linear Transformation of Velocities and Turbulent Stresses	p. 53
Orthogonal Linear Transformation	p. 53
Velocity Transformation	p. 53
Turbulent Stress Transformation	p. 55
Directional Distribution of Turbulent Stresses	p. 55
Non-orthogonal Transformation	p. 61
Velocity Transformation	p. 62
Turbulent Stress Transformation	p. 63
Graphical Presentation of Turbulent Stresses	p. 65
Ellipse Form of the Turbulence Distribution	p. 65
Expressions of Turbulent Stresses in Mohr's Stress Circle	p. 66
Tracer Particles and Particle Motion Equations	p. 69
Effective Forces Exerted on the Particle in the Flow	p. 70
Viscous Drag Force	p. 70
Gravitational and Lift Forces	p. 71
Pressure Force	p. 72
Force from Added Mass	p. 73
Particle Motion Equation	p. 74
Particle Motion in the Straight Flow of Constant Velocity	p. 75
Particle Motion in Nozzle and Diffuser Flows	p. 76
Nozzle Flow	p. 78
Diffuser Flow	p. 80
Particle Motion in the Oscillation Flow	p. 82
Particle Flows of Small Stokes Numbers	p. 86
Particle Flows of Large Stokes Numbers	p. 88
Zero Correlation Method (ZCM)	p. 89
Shear Stress Measurements with Non-coincident LDA	p. 89
Basics of ZCM	p. 90
Extension of ZCM	p. 93
Non-orthogonal Velocity Components	p. 93
Three-Dimensional Flow Turbulence	p. 93
Restriction and Validation of ZCM	p. 94
Dual Measurement Method (DMM)	p. 97
Possibility of Resolving the Secondary Flow	p. 97
DMM in Basic Form	p. 99
DMM with Coordinate Transformation	p. 103
Extension of DMM	p. 105
Direct Component Measurements	p. 106
Method of Using Coordinate Transformation	p. 109
Symmetrical Method of 3D-Velocity Measurements	p. 113
Non-stationary Turbulent Flows	p. 117
Non-stationary Turbulent Flows in the Practice	p. 117
Time-Resolved Non-stationary Turbulent Flows	p. 119
Method of Linear Least Squares Fitting	p. 119
Linear Trend of the Velocity and the Calculation Method	p. 121
Time-Dependent Flow Turbulences	p. 123
Phase-Resolved Non-stationary Turbulent Flows	p. 126
Method of Linear Least Squares Fitting	p. 127
Linear Trend of the Velocity and the Calculation Method	p. 128
Phase-Dependent Flow Turbulences	p. 130
Turbulent Flow with Spatial Velocity Gradient	p. 133
Apparent Turbulence Intensity and Related Quantities	p. 135
Combined Velocity Bias Effect	p. 140
Mean Velocity	p. 141
Turbulent Normal Stress	p. 142
Method of Resolving the Non-uniform Velocity Distribution	p. 145
Flow Measurements Behind the Plane Window: On-axis	p. 147
Fringe Spacing	p. 147
Shift of the Measurement Volume	p. 148
Optical Dispersion and its Negligible Effect	p. 149
Flow Measurements Behind the Plane Window: Off-axis	p. 151
Off-axis Measurements and Velocity Transformation	p. 152
Fringe Spacing in Measurement Volume and Velocity Corrections	p. 153
Refraction of Optical Axis and Orientation of the Measurement Volume	p. 155
Two-Dimensional Shift of the Measurement Volume	p. 156
Astigmatism and its Presence in Transmitting Optics	p. 159
Astigmatism at the Focused Laser Beam Bundle	p. 163
One-time Refraction of a Focused Beam Bundle	p. 163
Multiple Refraction of a Focused Beam Bundle	p. 169
Measurement Volume and Its Distortion	p. 170
Single Refraction of Laser Beams	p. 172
Multiple Refractions of Laser Beams	p. 173
Astigmatism at the On-axis LDA Alignment	p. 174
Signal Qualities and the Lens Dependence	p. 175
Deterioration of Signal Qualities and Strengths	p. 175
Lens Dependence of Signal Qualities and Strengths	p. 176
Error Sensitivities in Forming the Measurement Volume	p. 179
Beam Separation in the Test Medium	p. 179
Beam Separation After Multiple Refractions	p. 185
Possible Impact on PDA Measurements	p. 185
Method for Compensation of Astigmatism	p. 186
Flow Measurements in Circular Pipes	p. 191
Measurements of Axial Velocities	p. 193
Measurements of Tangential Velocities	p. 197
Basic Geometrical Relationships	p. 197
Simplifications of Calculations	p. 198
Fringe Spacing and Velocity Corrections	p. 199
Measurements of Radial Velocities	p. 200
Accurate Positioning of the Measurement Volume	p. 200
Laser Beam Intersection Angle	p. 205
Fringe Spacing and Velocity Corrections	p. 206
Orientation of the Measurement Volume	p. 207
Determination of Radial Velocities	p. 208
Remarks on the Method	p. 208
Optical Aberrations and Measurement Volume Distortion	p. 209
Optical Aberrations in Transmitting and Receiving Optics	p. 210
Dislocation of Laser Beam Waists from the Measurement Volume	p. 211
Fringe Distortion Effects	p. 219
Linear Longitudinal Distribution of the Fringe Spacing	p. 220
Fringe Distortion Number and the Apparent Mean Velocity	p. 221
Overestimation of the Flow Turbulence	p. 224
Velocity Bias Effects	p. 227
Velocity Bias as a Flow Phenomenon	p. 227
Velocity Bias and the Momentum Flow Rate	p. 229
Velocity Bias in One-Dimensional Flow Fluctuations	p. 231
Velocity Bias in Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow Fluctuations	p. 235
Velocity Bias in Mean Velocities	p. 236
Velocity Bias in Turbulent Normal Stresses	p. 238
Velocity Bias in Turbulent Shear Stresses	p. 241
LDA Application Examples	p. 243
High Speed Water Jet Flow in a Pelton Turbine	p. 243
Measurements of Warp Yarn Speed in a Weaving Machine	p. 247
Verification of the Shift Frequency in the Laser Beam	p. 249
Off-axis LDA Alignment and Measurement Volume Displacement	p. 253
Laser Beams in the Meridian Plane	p. 254
Laser Beams in the Sagittal Plane	p. 255
Combination	p. 257
Laser Beam Orientation Under the Effect of the Bias Angle ¿	p. 259
Coordinate Transformation of the Reynolds Stress Matrix	p. 263
References	p. 267
Index	p. 271
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

LDA Application Methods

Laser Doppler Anemometry for Fluid Dynamics

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Hardcover

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