| Overview of Solar Physics | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Composition and Structure of the Sun | p. 3 |
| Equations of Stellar Structure | p. 4 |
| The Standard Solar Model | p. 7 |
| Probes of the Sun's Interior | p. 10 |
| Solar Neutrino Problem | p. 10 |
| Helioseismology | p. 14 |
| Rotation Rate in the Solar Interior | p. 18 |
| Magnetically Controlled Solar Phenomena | p. 20 |
| References | p. 24 |
| Instrumentation and Observational Techniques in Solar Astronomy | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| How to Observe the Sun? | p. 28 |
| Observing the Photosphere | p. 29 |
| Observation of the Chromosphere | p. 32 |
| Observation of the Corona | p. 32 |
| Solar Instrumentation | p. 34 |
| Solar Telescopes | p. 34 |
| Coronagraphs | p. 39 |
| Spectrographs, Spectrohelioscopes and Spectroheliographs | p. 39 |
| Narrow Band Filters | p. 47 |
| Solar Image Guider | p. 51 |
| Solar Observations | p. 52 |
| Solar Seeing | p. 52 |
| Sunspot Observations | p. 55 |
| Development of Sunspots and Sunspot Groups | p. 59 |
| Classification of Sunspots and Sunspot Groups | p. 60 |
| Sunspot Number | p. 64 |
| Position Determination of Solar Features | p. 66 |
| Solar Magnetic Fields | p. 72 |
| Sunspot Magnetic Fields | p. 72 |
| General Magnetic Fields | p. 74 |
| Velocity Field Observation | p. 77 |
| Leighton's Spectroheliographic Technique for 2-D Velocity and Magnetic Field Maps | p. 77 |
| Vector Magnetic Fields | p. 77 |
| Solar Data from the Internet | p. 78 |
| References | p. 78 |
| Solar Interior and Seismology | p. 80 |
| Introduction | p. 80 |
| Observations of Solar Oscillations | p. 81 |
| Properties of Solar Oscillations | p. 83 |
| Seismic Inferences of the Solar Structure | p. 91 |
| Inversion Techniques | p. 92 |
| Inversion Results | p. 95 |
| Inversion for Temperature and Chemical Composition | p. 100 |
| Rotation Rate in the Solar Interior | p. 103 |
| Inversion for Rotation Rate | p. 104 |
| Inversion Results | p. 108 |
| The Tachocline | p. 111 |
| Meridional Flow | p. 113 |
| Asphericity in Solar Structure | p. 114 |
| Temporal Variations in the Solar Interior | p. 115 |
| Temporal Variations of the Solar Radius | p. 116 |
| Temporal Variations of the Rotation Rate | p. 118 |
| Summary | p. 120 |
| References | p. 121 |
| The Active and Explosive Sun | p. 127 |
| Introduction | p. 127 |
| The Signposts of Solar Activity | p. 131 |
| Centres of Activity in the Solar Atmosphere - The Sunspots | p. 133 |
| Sunspots and Solar Rotation | p. 135 |
| The 11 Year Solar Activity Cycle | p. 137 |
| Mapping Sunspot Positions During Activity Cycles: The Butterfly Diagram | p. 138 |
| The Changing Face of the Sun over the Solar Cycle | p. 141 |
| Solar Activity Cycles of Long Periods | p. 141 |
| Babcock's Model of the Solar Activity and the Magnetic Cycle | p. 143 |
| Explosive, Eruptive Phenomena on the Sun | p. 145 |
| Solar Flares | p. 145 |
| Flare Classification | p. 151 |
| The Standard Flare Model and the Main Phases of Flares | p. 152 |
| Fundamental Questions About Flares | p. 153 |
| Potential and Force-Free Magnetic Fields | p. 154 |
| Solar Coronal Plasma Conditions and Magnetic Reconnection | p. 158 |
| A Flare Model as Inferred from Recent Observations | p. 159 |
| Solar Quakes Produced by Large Flares | p. 159 |
| Eruptive Prominences and Filaments | p. 161 |
| Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) - Large Scale Eruptions of Magnetic Clouds from the Sun | p. 164 |
| References | p. 170 |
| Magnetic Flux Tubes and Activity on the Sun | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Magnetic Fields in the Solar Interior and Flux Emergence | p. 174 |
| Solar Dynamo | p. 174 |
| Seat of the Dynamo | p. 175 |
| Flux Emergence | p. 176 |
| Nature of the Surface Magnetic Field | p. 178 |
| Formation of Intense Flux Tubes in the Photosphere | p. 179 |
| The Thermal Structure of Intense Flux Tubes | p. 185 |
| Dynamical Processes and Heating of the Magnetic Chromosphere | p. 188 |
| Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in Flux Tubes | p. 189 |
| The Linear Model | p. 191 |
| Chromospheric Heating | p. 192 |
| Nonlinear Results | p. 193 |
| Summary | p. 197 |
| References | p. 198 |
| Solar Magnetic Fields | p. 202 |
| Introduction | p. 202 |
| Magnetohydrodynamic Approximation in Stellar Plasmas | p. 203 |
| Generation of Magnetic Fields | p. 205 |
| Turbulent Dynamo and Mean Field Magnetohydrodynamics | p. 206 |
| Dynamo in the Overshoot Layer | p. 211 |
| Babcock-Leighton Picture and Hybrid Models | p. 212 |
| Inputs from Helioseismology | p. 213 |
| Force Free Equilibria, Topology, Reconnection and Flares | p. 214 |
| Measurement of the Solar Magnetic Field | p. 217 |
| The Zeeman Effect | p. 217 |
| The Hanle Effect | p. 219 |
| The Stokes Parameters | p. 220 |
| Subsystems for Polarimetry | p. 221 |
| Conversion of Polarisation Maps into Magnetograms | p. 228 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 229 |
| References | p. 229 |
| The Physics of Chromospheres and Coronae | p. 232 |
| Introduction, What Are Chromospheres and Coronae? | p. 232 |
| Heating Mechanisms | p. 234 |
| Hydrodynamic Heating Mechanisms | p. 236 |
| Magnetic Heating Mechanisms | p. 239 |
| Mode-Coupling | p. 242 |
| Resonance Heating | p. 244 |
| Turbulent Heating | p. 244 |
| Compressional Viscous Heating | p. 246 |
| Ion-Cyclotron Resonance Heating | p. 246 |
| Landau Damping | p. 247 |
| Resonant Absorption | p. 248 |
| Phase-Mixing | p. 248 |
| Reconnection in Current Sheets | p. 249 |
| Acoustic Energy Generation | p. 251 |
| Theoretical Chromospheres | p. 254 |
| Semi-empirical Chromosphere Models | p. 259 |
| Extremely Time-Dependent Chromospheres | p. 260 |
| Realistic Chromospheres | p. 267 |
| Magnetic Chromospheres | p. 272 |
| Conclusions | p. 277 |
| References | p. 279 |
| The Solar Corona | p. 281 |
| Introduction | p. 281 |
| History of Coronal Studies | p. 284 |
| X-rays and Ultraviolet Emission from the Solar Atmosphere | p. 286 |
| Coronal Heating | p. 289 |
| Coronal Heating by Nanoflares | p. 292 |
| Coronal Heating by Waves | p. 294 |
| Fieldwork | p. 295 |
| Conclusions | p. 296 |
| References | p. 297 |
| The Solar Wind | p. 299 |
| Introduction | p. 299 |
| The Hot Solar Corona | p. 299 |
| Coronal Magnetic Fields | p. 300 |
| Coronal Heating | p. 302 |
| Coronal Expansion/ Solar Wind | p. 303 |
| Interplanetary Magnetic Fields | p. 305 |
| Solar Wind Measuring Techniques | p. 306 |
| Interplanetary Scintillation | p. 306 |
| Solar Wind in the Inner Heliosphere | p. 310 |
| Quasi-stationary Solar Wind | p. 311 |
| Radial Evolution of the Quasi-stationary Wind | p. 312 |
| Latitudinal Variations | p. 314 |
| The Density Turbulence Spectrum | p. 315 |
| Solar Wind Transients | p. 318 |
| Co-rotating Interaction Regions | p. 318 |
| Coronal Mass Ejections | p. 319 |
| References | p. 324 |
| Subject Index | p. 327 |
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