Preface | p. v |
Foreword | p. vii |
Acknowledgments | p. ix |
Acronyms | p. xv |
Anisotropy in Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Interaction between a pair of electrons | p. 2 |
Fermi's golden rule | p. 4 |
The double differential scattering cross section | p. 6 |
The dipole approximation | p. 7 |
Scattering kinematics | p. 11 |
Experimental considerations | p. 12 |
Conclusion | p. 20 |
The Principles of XMCD and Its Application to L-Edges in Transition Metals | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 23 |
Experimental details | p. 23 |
The absorption coefficient and its magnetic part | p. 26 |
Origin of XMCD in a simple two-step model | p. 27 |
General formulation via the sum rules | p. 33 |
Magnetic X-ray microscopy | p. 36 |
Summary | p. 40 |
Chirality in Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry | p. 43 |
Broken symmetries in EELS | p. 43 |
The effective photon | p. 44 |
Inelastic interference | p. 47 |
The mixed dynamic form factor | p. 50 |
Properties of the MDFF | |
Equivalence to X-ray dichroism | p. 55 |
Experimental setup | p. 57 |
Chirality of transitions | p. 62 |
Momentum-resolved ELNES and EMCD of L2,3 Edges from the Atomic Multiplet Theory | p. 65 |
Core level spectroscopy of transition metal oxides and strongly correlated materials | p. 65 |
Atomic multiplet theory for the calculation of X-ray absorptionspectra | p. 66 |
Parameters for an atomic multiplet calculation | p. 69 |
Momentum-resolved EELS and EMCD spectra from the atomicmultiplet theory | p. 69 |
EELS and EMCD spectra at the L2,3 edge of IRON in magnetite | p. 72 |
Conclusions | p. 72 |
XMCD Spectra Based on Density Functional Theory | p. 79 |
Introduction | p. 79 |
Density functional theory | p. 79 |
The linearized augmented plane wave method | p. 81 |
XMCD | p. 82 |
Results | p. 86 |
Conclusions | p. 96 |
Multiple-Scattering Theory and Interpretation of XMCD | p. 101 |
Multiple-scattering theory of XMCD | p. 101 |
Applications to XMCD | p. 103 |
Examples: Rare earth metal6 | p. 106 |
Conclusions | p. 112 |
Linear Dichroism and the Magic Angle | p. 115 |
Relativistic effects | p. 115 |
The Magic Angle | p. 122 |
Conclusion | p. 126 |
Sum Rules in EMCD and XMCD | p. 129 |
Operator expansion approach and XMCD sum rules | p. 130 |
Error sources in XMCD sum rules | p. 131 |
Simplified derivation of EMCD sum rules | p. 132 |
Rotationally invariant form of the EMCD sum rules | p. 135 |
Sum rules for real part of MDFFs | p. 141 |
Dipole allowed sum rules for ELNES spectra-summary | p. 142 |
Error sources in EMCD sum rules | p. 143 |
EMCD Techniques | p. 149 |
Basic geometry for EMCD | p. 150 |
Tilt series | p. 154 |
Detector shift | p. 155 |
Objective aperture shift | p. 158 |
Convergent beam methods | p. 159 |
Chiral STEM | p. 163 |
The q vs. E diagram | p. 164 |
Chiral EFTEM | p. 165 |
Considerations on the convergence and collection angles | p. 169 |
Conclusions | p. 170 |
Artefacts and Data Treatment in EMCD Spectra | p. 175 |
Artefacts in the data cube | p. 176 |
Data treatment | p. 185 |
Conclusion | p. 195 |
The Role of the Crystal in EMCD | p. 197 |
The Bloch wave formalism | p. 197 |
The density matrix formalism | p. 199 |
Density matrices in the electron microscope | p. 200 |
Simulating the inelastic diffraction pattern | p. 202 |
Obtaining the EMCD signal | p. 206 |
Simulation results | p. 207 |
Recommendations for experiments | p. 209 |
EMCD on the Nanometre Scale | p. 213 |
Introduction | p. 213 |
EMCD in the STEM | p. 214 |
Serial STEM-EMCD | p. 217 |
Parallel STEM-EMCD | p. 220 |
Conclusion | p. 222 |
Magnetic Dichroism in X-ray Holography | p. 225 |
Overview | p. 225 |
Holography with soft X-rays | p. 227 |
Holographic imaging of magnetic domains | p. 232 |
Recent developments and outlook | p. 237 |
Prospects for Spin Mapping with Atomic Resolution | p. 243 |
Mapping of single spins | p. 243 |
Prospects for sub-lattice resolution in EMCD | p. 247 |
Angular momentum in EELS | p. 250 |
Index | p. 257 |
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