Preface | p. v |
Acknowledgements | p. vii |
Introduction | |
General Remarks | p. 1 |
Decomposition, Nutrient Turnover, and Global Climate Change | p. 3 |
Biomass Distribution between Soil and Above-Ground Ecosystem Compartments | p. 9 |
The Importance of Balance | p. 12 |
Litter Fall | |
Introduction | p. 20 |
Litter Fall Amounts-Main Patterns and Regulating Factors | p. 21 |
Patterns on the Forest Stand Level | p. 21 |
Litter Fall Patterns in Scots Pine-A Case Study | p. 23 |
A Model for Accumulated Litter Fall, Stand Level | p. 26 |
General Comments | p. 26 |
A Case Study for a Scots Pine Stand | p. 26 |
Main Litter-Fall Patterns on a Regional Level: Scots Pine and Norway Spruce | p. 28 |
Distribution of Species | p. 28 |
Factors Influencing Amounts of Litter Fall | p. 28 |
Needle Litter Fall-Pattern and Quantities: Scots Pine and Other Pine Species | p. 29 |
Basal Area and Canopy Cover | p. 35 |
Needle Litter Quantities: Norway Spruce | p. 36 |
Comparison of and Combination of Species | p. 36 |
Litter Fall on a Continental to Semiglobal Scale | p. 37 |
The Fiber Structure and Organic-Chemical Components of Plant Litter | p. 40 |
The Fiber | p. 40 |
The Organic-Chemical Components | p. 43 |
Nutrients | p. 46 |
General Features | p. 46 |
The Trees Withdraw Nutrients before Shedding their Foliar Litter | p. 49 |
Scots Pine-A Case Study | p. 53 |
Foliar Litter N Concentration in a Trans-European Transect, Several Species | p. 58 |
Several Deciduous and Coniferous Leaf Litters | p. 58 |
Anthropogenic Influences | p. 62 |
Nitrogen-Fertilized Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Monocultures | p. 62 |
The Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution | p. 67 |
Methods for Litter Collection | p. 69 |
Quantities | p. 69 |
Qualitative Sampling | p. 71 |
Decomposers: Soil Microorganisms and Animals | |
Introduction | p. 73 |
Communities of Soil Microorganisms and Animals | p. 75 |
Soil Microorganisms | p. 75 |
Soil Animals | p. 77 |
The Degradation of the Main Polymers in Plant Fibers | p. 79 |
Degradation of Cellulose | p. 79 |
Degradation of Hemicelluloses | p. 82 |
Effects of N, Mn, and C Sources on the Degradation of Lignin | p. 83 |
Degradation of Lignin | p. 87 |
Degradation of Fibers | p. 92 |
Fungi | p. 92 |
Bacteria | p. 93 |
Microbial Communities and the Influence of Soil Animals | p. 94 |
Microbial Succession and Competition | p. 94 |
Effects of Soil Animals on the Decomposition Process | p. 96 |
Changes in Substrate Composition and Rate-Regulating Factors during Decomposition | |
Introductory Comments | p. 102 |
Organic-Chemical Changes During Litter Decomposition | p. 104 |
Decomposition of Single Chemical Components and Groups of Compounds | p. 104 |
Relationships between Holocellulose and Lignin during Decomposition | p. 114 |
Concentrations of Nutrients and Heavy Metals During Litter Decay | p. 114 |
Nitrogen (N) | p. 116 |
Phosphorus (P) | p. 116 |
Sulphur (S) | p. 116 |
Potassium (K) | p. 117 |
Calcium (Ca) | p. 117 |
Magnesium (Mg) | p. 117 |
Other Metals and Heavy Metals in Natural Concentrations | p. 118 |
A Three-Phase Model Applied to Litter of Different Initial Chemical Composition | p. 119 |
Overview of the Model | p. 119 |
Initial Decomposition Rates for Newly Shed Litter-The Early Decomposition Stage | p. 119 |
Decomposition in the Late Stage-A Phase Regulated by Lignin Decomposition | p. 129 |
Link between the Retardation of Litter Decomposition, Lignin Degradation Rate and N Concentration | p. 137 |
Comments on Spruce Needle Litter Decomposition versus the Three-Phase Model | p. 139 |
The Litter Close to the Limit Value and at a Humus-Near Stage | p. 142 |
Do Limit Values Indicate a Stop in the Litter Decomposition Process? | p. 150 |
Lignin Dynamics in Decomposing Litter | p. 150 |
Repeatability of Patterns in Lignin Concentration Changes | p. 150 |
Variation in the Increase in Lignin Concentration Relative to Different Initial Lignin Concentrations in the Litter | p. 153 |
Variation in Lignin Concentration Increase Rate as Compared to Different Concentrations of N in Litter | p. 153 |
Does the Litter Chemical Composition Influence Leaching of Compounds from Decomposing Litter? | p. 154 |
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