| Preface | p. v |
| Acknowledgements | p. vii |
| Introduction | |
| General Remarks | p. 1 |
| Decomposition, Nutrient Turnover, and Global Climate Change | p. 3 |
| Biomass Distribution between Soil and Above-Ground Ecosystem Compartments | p. 9 |
| The Importance of Balance | p. 12 |
| Litter Fall | |
| Introduction | p. 20 |
| Litter Fall Amounts-Main Patterns and Regulating Factors | p. 21 |
| Patterns on the Forest Stand Level | p. 21 |
| Litter Fall Patterns in Scots Pine-A Case Study | p. 23 |
| A Model for Accumulated Litter Fall, Stand Level | p. 26 |
| General Comments | p. 26 |
| A Case Study for a Scots Pine Stand | p. 26 |
| Main Litter-Fall Patterns on a Regional Level: Scots Pine and Norway Spruce | p. 28 |
| Distribution of Species | p. 28 |
| Factors Influencing Amounts of Litter Fall | p. 28 |
| Needle Litter Fall-Pattern and Quantities: Scots Pine and Other Pine Species | p. 29 |
| Basal Area and Canopy Cover | p. 35 |
| Needle Litter Quantities: Norway Spruce | p. 36 |
| Comparison of and Combination of Species | p. 36 |
| Litter Fall on a Continental to Semiglobal Scale | p. 37 |
| The Fiber Structure and Organic-Chemical Components of Plant Litter | p. 40 |
| The Fiber | p. 40 |
| The Organic-Chemical Components | p. 43 |
| Nutrients | p. 46 |
| General Features | p. 46 |
| The Trees Withdraw Nutrients before Shedding their Foliar Litter | p. 49 |
| Scots Pine-A Case Study | p. 53 |
| Foliar Litter N Concentration in a Trans-European Transect, Several Species | p. 58 |
| Several Deciduous and Coniferous Leaf Litters | p. 58 |
| Anthropogenic Influences | p. 62 |
| Nitrogen-Fertilized Scots Pine and Norway Spruce Monocultures | p. 62 |
| The Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution | p. 67 |
| Methods for Litter Collection | p. 69 |
| Quantities | p. 69 |
| Qualitative Sampling | p. 71 |
| Decomposers: Soil Microorganisms and Animals | |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| Communities of Soil Microorganisms and Animals | p. 75 |
| Soil Microorganisms | p. 75 |
| Soil Animals | p. 77 |
| The Degradation of the Main Polymers in Plant Fibers | p. 79 |
| Degradation of Cellulose | p. 79 |
| Degradation of Hemicelluloses | p. 82 |
| Effects of N, Mn, and C Sources on the Degradation of Lignin | p. 83 |
| Degradation of Lignin | p. 87 |
| Degradation of Fibers | p. 92 |
| Fungi | p. 92 |
| Bacteria | p. 93 |
| Microbial Communities and the Influence of Soil Animals | p. 94 |
| Microbial Succession and Competition | p. 94 |
| Effects of Soil Animals on the Decomposition Process | p. 96 |
| Changes in Substrate Composition and Rate-Regulating Factors during Decomposition | |
| Introductory Comments | p. 102 |
| Organic-Chemical Changes During Litter Decomposition | p. 104 |
| Decomposition of Single Chemical Components and Groups of Compounds | p. 104 |
| Relationships between Holocellulose and Lignin during Decomposition | p. 114 |
| Concentrations of Nutrients and Heavy Metals During Litter Decay | p. 114 |
| Nitrogen (N) | p. 116 |
| Phosphorus (P) | p. 116 |
| Sulphur (S) | p. 116 |
| Potassium (K) | p. 117 |
| Calcium (Ca) | p. 117 |
| Magnesium (Mg) | p. 117 |
| Other Metals and Heavy Metals in Natural Concentrations | p. 118 |
| A Three-Phase Model Applied to Litter of Different Initial Chemical Composition | p. 119 |
| Overview of the Model | p. 119 |
| Initial Decomposition Rates for Newly Shed Litter-The Early Decomposition Stage | p. 119 |
| Decomposition in the Late Stage-A Phase Regulated by Lignin Decomposition | p. 129 |
| Link between the Retardation of Litter Decomposition, Lignin Degradation Rate and N Concentration | p. 137 |
| Comments on Spruce Needle Litter Decomposition versus the Three-Phase Model | p. 139 |
| The Litter Close to the Limit Value and at a Humus-Near Stage | p. 142 |
| Do Limit Values Indicate a Stop in the Litter Decomposition Process? | p. 150 |
| Lignin Dynamics in Decomposing Litter | p. 150 |
| Repeatability of Patterns in Lignin Concentration Changes | p. 150 |
| Variation in the Increase in Lignin Concentration Relative to Different Initial Lignin Concentrations in the Litter | p. 153 |
| Variation in Lignin Concentration Increase Rate as Compared to Different Concentrations of N in Litter | p. 153 |
| Does the Litter Chemical Composition Influence Leaching of Compounds from Decomposing Litter? | p. 154 |
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