Low-Volume Road Engineering

INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Low-Volume Roads Significance of Low-Volume Roads Definition of a Low-Volume Road Design Environments Approaching the Subject of LVR References

ROAD DESIGN

Road Location Definitions A Philosophical Exercise Road Location Considerations A Paradox Road Location Process How Much of the Full Process Is Actually Carried Out? Strategies Water Crossings Degree of Horizontal Curvature Recommended Gradients Computer Assistance References

Road Classification Introduction The U.S. System The Canadian System The UK System The South African System The Australian System A Novel System References

Geometric Design Introduction Design Vehicles and the Geometric Design of Haul Roads Stopping Sight Distance Coefficient of Side Friction Maximum Superelevation Horizontal Curves Spiral Transition Curves Lateral Clearance and Cleared Right of Way Width Railway Crossings at Grade Minimum Gradient Maximum Gradient Critical Length of Grade Crest Vertical Curves Sag Vertical Curves Cross-Sectional Elements One-Lane, Two-Way Roads General Controls References

Pavement Concepts Introduction Purposes of Pavements Road Cross Section Components Pavement Structures Pavement Load-Carrying Mechanisms

Pavement Materials Introduction Phase Diagram Soil Tests Soil Classification Tests of Aggregates Specification of Aggregates Subgrade Soil Stabilization Materials Asphalt Cement Chip Seals Asphalt Concrete Roller-Compacted Concrete References

Pavement Design Introduction Inputs to Pavement Design Other Considerations Types of Pavement Design Methods Selected Pavement Design Methods U.S. Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method Heavy-Duty Pavement Design for Haul Roads References

Drainage Introduction Surface Drainage Internal Drainage Frost Permafrost Pumping and Potholes References

Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Soil Erosion Process Which Is Preferable, Erosion Control or Sedimentation Control? Erosion Control Sedimentation Control Follow-Up References

Watercourse Crossings Introduction Hydrology Fords and Low-Water Crossings Culverts Bridges Crossing Wetlands Watercourse Crossing Location References

Slope Stability Plane Translational Failures Circular Failures, Φu = 0 Methods of Slices Bishop's Modified Method of Slices Software Selection of Method Remedial Action Other Types of Slope Failures References Geosynthetics Background Functions Geosynthetic Types and Manufacture Geosynthetic Materials Tests Designs References

ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

Road Construction Introduction Planning Budgeting and Programming Contractual Arrangements Forms of Contract Risk Insurance and Bonds Partnering Contract Specifications Payment Certificates Earthwork Volume Calculations Construction Sequence Equipment Compaction Construction in Labor-Intensive Environments References

Road Maintenance Introduction Maintenance Administration and Planning Concrete Pavements Asphalt Pavements Surface-Treated Pavements Gravel- and Earth-Surfaced Roads Maintenance Equipment References

Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Management Priority Planning and Programming Costs and Benefits Management at the Network and Project Levels Pavement Outputs Referencing Segments An Appropriate Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Management System (PMS) for LVR Capturing the Current Condition of the Pavement Network Modeling the Future Condition of the Pavement Network Selecting the Maintenance or Rehabilitation Treatment Putting It All Together Managing Resource Access Roads References