Luminescent Materials

1 A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials.- 2 How Does a Luminescent Material Absorb Its Excitation Energy?.- 2.1 General Considerations.- 2.2 The Influence of the Host Lattice.- 2.3 The Energy Level Diagrams of Individual Ions.- 2.3.1 The Transition Metal Ions (dn).- 2.3.2 The Transition Metal Ions with d0 Configuration.- 2.3.3 The Rare Earth Ions (4fn).- 2.3.4 The Rare Earth Ions (4f-5d and Charge-Transfer Transitions)...- 2.3.5 Ions with s2 Configuration.- 2.3.6 Ions with d10 Configuration.- 2.3.7 Other Charge-Transfer Transitions.- 2.3.8 Color Centers.- 2.4 Host Lattice Absorption.- References.- 3 Radiative Return to the Ground State: Emission.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 General Discussion of Emission from a Luminescent Center.- 3.3 Some Special Classes of Luminescent Centers.- 3.3.1 Exciton Emission from Alkali Halides.- 3.3.2 Rare Earth Ions (Line Emission).- 3.3.3 Rare Earth Ions (Band Emission).- 3.3.4 Transition Metal Ions.- 3.3.5d0 Complex Ions.- 3.3.6d10 Ions.- 3.3.7s2 Ions.- 3.3.8 The U6+ ion.- 3.3.9 Semiconductors.- 3.3.10 Cross-Luminescence.- 3.4 Afterglow.- 3.5 Thermoluminescence.- 3.6. Stimulated emission.- References.- 4 Nonradiative Transitions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Nonradiative Transitions in an Isolated Luminescent Centre.- 4.2.1 The Weak-Coupling Case.- 4.2.2 The Intermediate- and Strong-Coupling Cases.- 4.3 Efficiency.- 4.4 Maximum Efficiency for High Energy Excitation [13].- 4.5 Photoionization and Electron-Transfer Quenching.- 4.6 Nonradiative Transitions in Semiconductors.- References.- 5 Energy Transfer.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Energy Transfer Between Unlike Luminescent Centers.- 5.3 Energy Transfer Between Identical Luminescent Centers.- 5.3.1 Weak-Coupling Scheme Ions.- 5.3.2 Intermediate-and strong-coupling scheme ions.- 5.4 Energy Transfer in Semiconductors.- References.- 6 Lamp Phosphors.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Luminescent Lighting [1-3].- 6.3 The Preparation of Lamp Phosphors.- 6.4 Photoluminescent Materials.- 6.4.1. Lamp Phosphors for Lighting.- 6.4.2 Phosphors for Other Lamp Applications.- 6.4.3 Phosphors for High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.- 6.4.4 Phosphors with Two-Photon Emission.- 6.5 Outlook.- References.- 7 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.1 Cathode-Ray Tubes: Principles and Display.- 7.2 Preparation of Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3.1 Some General Remarks.- 7.3.2 Phosphors for Black-and-White Television.- 7.3.3 Phosphors for Color Television.- 7.3.4 Phosphors for Projection Television.- 7.3.5 Other Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.4 Outlook.- References.- 8 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Integrating Techniques).- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 X-Ray Absorption.- 8.1.2 The Conventional Intensifying Screen.- 8.1.3 The Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Screen.- 8.1.4 Computed Tomography.- 8.2 Preparation of X-ray Phosphors.- 8.2.1 Powder Screens.- 8.2.2 Ceramic Plates.- 8.2.3 Single Crystals.- 8.3 Materials.- 8.3.1 X-Ray Phosphors for Conventional Intensifying Screens.- 8.3.2 X-Ray Phosphors for Photostimulable Storage Screens.- 8.3.3 X-Ray Phosphors for Computed Tomography.- 8.4 Outlook.- References.- 9 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Counting Techniques).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Condensed Matter.- 9.3 Applications of Scintillator Crystals.- 9.4 Material Preparation (Crystal Growth).- 9.5 Scintillator Materials.- 9.5.1 Alkali Halides.- 9.5.2 Tungstates.- 9.5.3 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO).- 9.5.4 Gd2SiO5: Ce3+ and Lu2SiO5: Ce3+.- 9.5.5 CeF3.- 9.5.6 Other Ce3+ Scintillators and Related Materials.- 9.5.7 BaF2 (Cross Luminescence; Particle Discrimination).- 9.5.8 Other Materials with Cross Luminescence.- 9.6 Outlook.- References.- 10 Other Applications.- 10.1 Upconversion: Processes and Materials.- 10.1.1 Upconversion Processes.- 10.1.2 Upconversion Materials.- 10.2 The Luminescent Ion as a Probe.- 10.3 Luminescence Immuno-Assay.- 10.3.1 Principle.- 10.3.2 Materials.- 10.4 Electroluminescence.- 10.4.1 Introduction.- 10.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers.- 10.4.3 High-Field Electroluminescence.- 10.5 Amplifiers and Lasers with Optical Fibers.- 10.6 Luminescence of Very Small Particles.- References.- Appendix 1. The Luminescence Literature.- Appendix 2. From Wavelength to Wavenumber and Some Other Conversions.- Appendix 3. Luminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphoresence.- Appendix 4. Plotting Emission Spectra.