Series Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Authors | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Population Trends | p. 1 |
Driving Trends | p. 2 |
Dependence on the Personal Automobile | p. 2 |
Driver's License Holding | p. 2 |
Changes in Annual Driving Distances | p. 3 |
Behavioral Adaptations | p. 3 |
Traffic Safety | p. 5 |
Crash Risk | p. 5 |
Crash Types | p. 7 |
Mobility Needs | p. 8 |
Age-Related Declines in Abilities | p. 11 |
Introduction | p. 11 |
Psychomotor Abilities | p. 11 |
Reaction Time | p. 12 |
Flexibility | p. 12 |
Coordination | p. 13 |
Strength | p. 13 |
Visual Abilities | p. 14 |
Anatomic Changes | p. 14 |
Eye Movements | p. 15 |
Visual Acuity | p. 16 |
Contrast Sensitivity | p. 17 |
Sensitivity to Light | p. 17 |
Dark Adaptation | p. 17 |
Visual Field | p. 18 |
Space Perception | p. 18 |
Motion Perception | p. 19 |
Three-Dimensional Structure from Motion | p. 20 |
Cognitive Abilities | p. 20 |
Attention | p. 20 |
Memory | p. 21 |
Problem Solving | p. 23 |
Spatial Cognition | p. 23 |
Conclusions | p. 24 |
Critical Driving Skills | p. 25 |
Introduction | p. 25 |
Driving Task Analysis | p. 25 |
A Hierarchical Model of Driver Skills and Control | p. 26 |
Strategic Level | p. 27 |
Tactical Level | p. 27 |
Operational Level | p. 27 |
Critical Driving Skills Most Salient for Older Drivers | p. 28 |
Adding Driver Motives into Michon's Model | p. 29 |
Conclusions | p. 33 |
Medical Conditions and Driving | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Visual Perception | p. 36 |
Cataracts | p. 36 |
Color Vision Deficits | p. 36 |
Diabetic Retinopathy | p. 37 |
Glaucoma | p. 37 |
Monocular Vision | p. 38 |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) | p. 39 |
Auditory Perception | p. 40 |
Cardiovascular | p. 40 |
Coronary Heart Disease | p. 40 |
Arrhythmia | p. 41 |
Congestive Heart Failure | p. 41 |
Abnormal Blood Pressure | p. 41 |
Cerebrovascular | p. 42 |
Transient Ischemic Attack | p. 42 |
Stroke | p. 42 |
Neurological | p. 43 |
Syncope | p. 43 |
Epilepsy/Seizures | p. 43 |
Sleep Apnea | p. 44 |
Multiple Sclerosis | p. 44 |
Parkinson's Disease | p. 45 |
Dementia | p. 46 |
Metabolic | p. 47 |
Diabetes Mellitus | p. 48 |
Thyroid (Hypothyroidism) | p. 49 |
Respiratory | p. 49 |
Asthma | p. 49 |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | p. 49 |
Musculoskeletal | p. 50 |
Arthritis | p. 50 |
Psychiatric | p. 51 |
Depression | p. 51 |
Conclusions | p. 51 |
Medications and Driving | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Prevalence of Drug Use Among Older Adults | p. 55 |
Prescription Medications | p. 55 |
Inappropriate Prescription Medication Use | p. 55 |
Nonprescription Medications | p. 57 |
Medications and Driving Safety | p. 58 |
Benzodiazepines | p. 58 |
Antihistamines | p. 60 |
Opioid Analgesics | p. 61 |
Antidiabetic Medications | p. 62 |
Conclusions | p. 62 |
Screening | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 65 |
Self-Screening | p. 67 |
Family Screening | p. 68 |
Screening by Physicians | p. 68 |
The Physician's Guide to Assessing and Counseling Older Drivers | p. 69 |
Determining Medical Fitness to Operate Motor Vehicles: CMA Driver's Guide | p. 70 |
Driving and Dementia Toolkit/Safe Drive | p. 70 |
CanDrive | p. 71 |
Screening by Other Health Professionals | p. 72 |
Screening at Licensing Agencies | p. 72 |
Model Driver Screening and Evaluation Program | p. 72 |
California Three-Tiered System | p. 73 |
Conclusions | p. 74 |
Assessment | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Clinical Assessment | p. 75 |
The Interview | p. 76 |
Assessing Functional Abilities | p. 77 |
On-Road Assessment | p. 78 |
Route Selection | p. 78 |
Assessment of Critical Driving Skills | p. 79 |
Postevaluation Recommendations | p. 80 |
Driver Assessment Team | p. 81 |
Conclusions | p. 81 |
Licensing, Legal, and Policy Issues | p. 83 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
Driver's License Renewal | p. 84 |
Physician Reporting of At-Risk Drivers | p. 89 |
Approaches to Strengthening Licensing Policy | p. 90 |
Licensing Agencies as Part of a Systems Approach to Safe Mobility | p. 92 |
Conclusions | p. 92 |
Education and Rehabilitation | p. 95 |
Introduction | p. 95 |
Education | p. 95 |
For the Driver | p. 96 |
Driver Self-Awareness Tools | p. 99 |
For the Family and Friends | p. 101 |
For the Health Professional | p. 102 |
Rehabilitation | p. 103 |
Fitness | p. 103 |
Cognitive | p. 103 |
Conclusions | p. 104 |
Vehicles and Advanced Technology | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
Automobile Design | p. 107 |
Currently Available Features | p. 110 |
Vehicle Adaptations | p. 110 |
Advanced Technology | p. 111 |
Route Guidance | p. 113 |
Night Vision Enhancement | p. 114 |
Crash Warning Systems | p. 115 |
Forward Collision Warning | p. 115 |
Adaptive Cruise Control | p. 115 |
Lane Departure Warning | p. 116 |
Automatic Crash Notification | p. 117 |
Conclusions | p. 117 |
Roadway Design | p. 119 |
Introduction | p. 119 |
Traffic Control Devices | p. 120 |
Signage | p. 121 |
Pavement Markings | p. 123 |
Signals | p. 125 |
Intersections | p. 125 |
Roundabouts | p. 127 |
Pedestrians | p. 129 |
Roadway Work Zones | p. 130 |
Promising Approaches | p. 131 |
Conclusions | p. 133 |
Driving Retirement | p. 135 |
Introduction | p. 135 |
Reasons for Driving Cessation | p. 136 |
The Process of Driving Cessation | p. 138 |
Self-Regulation by Older Drivers | p. 139 |
Smoothing the Process of Driving Retirement | p. 141 |
Conclusions | p. 143 |
Other Community Mobility Options | p. 145 |
Introduction | p. 145 |
Existing Community Mobility Options | p. 146 |
Traditional Public Transit | p. 146 |
Paratransit | p. 147 |
Private Transit | p. 148 |
Supplemental Transportation Programs | p. 149 |
Walking and Bicycling and Other Forms of Transportation | p. 150 |
Creating More Senior-Friendly Community Mobility Options | p. 150 |
Transportation Coordination | p. 151 |
Conclusions | p. 153 |
Appendix Driver Evaluation Tools | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 155 |
Perceptual Evaluation Tools | p. 155 |
Dynamic Visual Acuity | p. 155 |
Structure from Motion | p. 155 |
Moving "E" Test | p. 156 |
Static Visual Acuity | p. 156 |
Contrast Sensitivity | p. 156 |
Visual Field | p. 156 |
Color Vision/Discrimination | p. 157 |
Stereoacuity | p. 157 |
Visual Attention | p. 157 |
Useful Field of View | p. 157 |
Number Cancellation Task | p. 158 |
Hearing | p. 158 |
Cognitive Evaluation Tools | p. 158 |
Visuospatial Abilities | p. 158 |
Hooper Visual Organization Test | p. 158 |
Embedded Figures Test | p. 159 |
Rey-Osterreith Complex Figures Test | p. 159 |
Block Design Test | p. 159 |
Letter Cancellation Test | p. 160 |
Benton Judgment of Line Orientation | p. 160 |
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | p. 160 |
Maze Navigation Test | p. 160 |
Visual Form Discrimination Test | p. 161 |
Motor Free Visual Perception Test | p. 161 |
Executive Function | p. 161 |
Clock Drawing Test | p. 161 |
Controlled Oral Word Association Test | p. 162 |
Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) | p. 162 |
Benton Visual Retention Test | p. 162 |
The Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test | p. 163 |
Divided Attention | p. 163 |
Simultaneous Capacity Test | p. 163 |
Selective Attention | p. 163 |
Zimmermann/Fimm's Incompatibility Test | p. 163 |
Dot Counting Task | p. 164 |
Sustained Attention | p. 164 |
Adaptation of Mackworth Clock Test | p. 164 |
Working Memory | p. 164 |
Wechsler Memory Scale-Visual Reproduction | p. 164 |
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Symbol | p. 165 |
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Span | p. 165 |
Short Blessed Test | p. 165 |
Word Recall Memory Test | p. 165 |
Mini-Mental Status Examination | p. 166 |
Clinical Dementia Rating | p. 166 |
Mattis Organic Mental Syndrome Screening Examination | p. 166 |
Traffic Sign Recognition Test | p. 167 |
Psychomotor Evaluation Tools | p. 167 |
Movement Speed | p. 167 |
Grooved Pegboard Test | p. 167 |
Symbol Digit Modalities Test | p. 167 |
Range of Motion | p. 168 |
Foot Tap Test | p. 168 |
Neck Flexibility | p. 168 |
Rapid Pace Walk | p. 168 |
Arm Reach Test | p. 168 |
Reaction Time | p. 169 |
Simple Reaction Time Test | p. 169 |
Doron Cue Recognition | p. 169 |
Upper/Lower Body Muscle Strength | p. 169 |
Manual Muscle Test | p. 169 |
Dynamometer Grip Strength | p. 169 |
References | p. 171 |
Index | p. 217 |
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