Marine Benthic Vegetation

A General Aspects.- 1 The Occurrence of "Green Tides" - a Review.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Eutrophication - The Background.- 1.3 Secondary Effects of Nutrient-Carrying Waters.- 1.4 Eutrophication - Influence on Marine Benthic Algae.- 1.5 Characteristics of Green Tide Forming Algae.- 1.6 Impact of Green Tides.- 1.7 Treatment of Green Tides.- References.- 2 The Management of Eutrophicated Waters.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Eutrophication.- 2.2.1 Eutrophication, Dystrophication and Mediators.- 2.3 Eutrophication in European Sea Bodies.- 2.4 Relationship Eutrophication - Environment.- 2.5 Impact of Algal Pollution.- 2.6 Managing the Algal Problem.- 2.7 Comprehensive Management.- 2.8 Conclusion.- References.- 3 Coastal Eutrophication and Marine Benthic Vegetation: A Model Analysis.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Materials and Methods.- 3.2.1 Areas of Study.- 3.2.2 Mass Balance Analysis.- 3.3 Results.- 3.3.1 Model Calibration.- 3.3.2 Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets.- 3.3.3 Contribution of Macrophytes to Nitrogen Cycling.- 3.4 Discussion.- 3.4.1 Light Climate.- 3.4.2 Storage Capacity for Nutrients.- 3.4.3 Nutrients Supply to Macroalgae by Flushing.- 3.4.4 Control of Phytoplankton by Grazing and Flushing.- 3.4.5 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Aquaculture Methods for Use in Managing Eutrophicated Waters.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The "Green Tide" Phenomenon.- 4.3 Macroalgal Cultivation.- 4.3.1 Porphyra ("nori") Cultivation.- 4.3.2 Kelp Species, e.g. Laminaria, Undaria.- 4.3.3 Gracilaria and Other Agarophytes.- 4.3.4 Additional Alternatives.- 4.4 Nutrient Removal.- 4.5 Conclusion.- References.- B Regional Observations and Investigations.- 5 The Baltic Sea and Its Transition Zones.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Physical and Chemical Characterization.- 5.3 Biota and Plant Communities.- 5.4 Eutrophication and Pollution Situation.- 5.5 Changes in the Phytobenthos and Possible Causes.- 5.6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 The Northern Atlantic Coasts (The Swedish West Coast, Norway and Iceland).- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Swedish West Coast.- 6.2.1 The Swedish Kattegat Coast.- 6.2.2 The Swedish Skagerrak Coast.- 6.3 The Border Area Between Sweden and Norway.- 6.3.1 The Hvaler Area.- 6.3.2 The Idefjorden Area.- 6.4 The Norwegian South and Southwest Coasts.- 6.4.1 The Oslo Fjord.- 6.4.2 Other Areas Along the South and Southwest Coasts.- 6.5 The Norwegian West and North Coasts.- 6.6 Iceland.- References.- B.I The North Sea and the Atlantic Coasts of Western and Southern Europe.- 7 The North Sea Coasts of Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Eutrophication Along the North Sea Coasts.- 7.2.1 Denmark and the Outer Baltic.- 7.2.2 Germany.- 7.2.3 The Netherlands.- 7.2.4 Belgium.- 7.3 Conclusions.- References.- 8 The British Isles.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Sources of Nutrients.- 8.3 Distribution of "Eutrophicated" Localities.- 8.4 Effect of "Eutrophication" on Marine Benthic Algal Communities.- 8.5 Marine Benthic Algae Associated with "Eutrophicated" Waters.- 8.6 Effect of Excessive Growth of Algae.- References.- 9 The French Atlantic Coasts.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Green Tides of Brittany Coasts.- 9.2.1 Production Mechanism of Green Tides.- 9.2.2 Fighting Means and Associated Research Programs.- 9.3 Other Cases of Eutrophication Along the French Coast.- 9.3.1 The Bay of Arcachon.- 9.3.2 Eutrophication and Salt Marshes.- References.- 10 Spanish Atlantic Coasts.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Macroalgal Proliferation Along the Spanish Atlantic Coasts.- 10.3 The Ulvaceae of Palmones River Estuary: A Case Study of Green Algal Accumulation.- 10.4 Trends, Some Historical References and Comparison of Data.- References.- 11 Portugal.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Characterization of Selected Estuaries and Lagoons.- 11.2.1 Ria de Aveiro Lagoon.- 11.2.2 Sado Estuary.- 11.2.3 Ria Formosa Lagoon.- 11.3 Symptoms of Eutrophication and Effects on Benthic Vegetation.- 11.4 Conclusions.- References.- B.II The Mediterranean.- 12 The Spanish Mediterranean Coasts.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Green Algal Communities and Proliferation.- 12.3 Green Algal Proliferations: A Case Study.- 12.4 Green Tides in the Mediterranean: A Conceptual Framework and Future Goals.- References.- 13 France - The Mediterranean Lagoons.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Eutrophication and Macrophyte Community Structure in Corsican Lagoons.- 13.2.1 Characteristics of the Lagoons and Study Methods.- 13.2.2 The Shores of Corsican Lagoons (1975-1980).- 13.2.3 The Urbino Basin (Western Shore) with Respect to the Agricultural Exploitation of the Drainage Basins (1980-1990).- 13.3 Macrophytic Production and Eutrophication.- 13.3.1 Languedocian Lagoons.- 13.3.1.1 Thau Lagoon.- 13.3.1.2 Prevost Lagoon.- 13.3.2 Example of the Corsican Lagoon Biguglia.- 13.4 General Conclusion.- References.- 14 Italy - The Orbetello Lagoon and the Tuscan Coast.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Orbetello Lagoon.- 14.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters.- 14.2.2 Economic Activities and Eutrophication.- 14.2.3 Benthic Vegetation.- 14.2.4 Seasonal Environmental Events.- 14.2.5 Adopted Ways of Management.- 14.3 Marine Coastal Areas Around the Orbetello Lagoon.- References.- 15 Italy - The Lagoon of Venice.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 The Lagoon Morphology and Hydrography.- 15.3 Temporal Changes of Algal Typology and Associations.- 15.4 Macroalgal Production and Nutrient Cycling.- 15.5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 16 The Northern Adriatic Sea.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Study Area and Ecological Conditions.- 16.3 The Benthic Algal Vegetation of Undisturbed Sites.- 16.4 Changes of the Benthic Algal Vegetation Under the Influence of Eutrophication.- 16.5 Number of Species.- 16.6 Algal Biomass.- 16.7 Possible Causes for the Extinction of Fucoids in the Eutrophicated Habitats.- 16.8 Conclusions.- References.- 17 Greece.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Marine Vegetation and Eutrophication in Greece.- 17.3 The Gulf of Thessaloniki.- 17.4 Effects of Eutrophication: Algal Typology and Community Evaluation.- 17.5 Conclusions.- References.- 18 Turkey.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Hydrological and Hydrochemical Characteristics of Turkish Seas.- 18.2.1 The Black Sea.- 18.2.2 The Sea of Marmara.- 18.2.3 The Aegean Sea.- 18.2.4 The Turkish Mediterranean.- 18.3 The Benthic Flora of Turkish Seas and Possible Effects of Eutrophication and Pollution.- References.- B. III The Black Sea.- 19 The Black Sea.- 19.1 Hydrological and Chemical Characterization of the Black Sea.- 19.2 Eutrophication and Pollution in Romanian Coastal Waters.- 19.3 The Effects of Eutrophication on Phytobenthic Communities.- 19.3.1 The Cystoseira Belt.- 19.3.2 The Phyllophora Fields.- 19.4 Summary.- References.- Conclusions.- References.- Species Index.