| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Measuring the Contributions of the Nonprofit Sector | p. 3 |
| The Growing Importance of Measuring Impact | p. 4 |
| Line of Inquiry | p. 6 |
| Common Terminology | p. 8 |
| Organization of the Volume | p. 9 |
| The Challenges and Opportunities of Measuring | p. 13 |
| Conclusions and Next Steps | p. 14 |
| Concerns of Measurement and Evaluation | p. 17 |
| Measuring Failure to Find Success | p. 21 |
| Better Pain Receptors | p. 22 |
| Descent into the Underworld of Indicators | p. 23 |
| Conclusion: Formulating a Research Strategy | p. 30 |
| Challenges of Measuring Performance in Nonprofit Organizations | p. 33 |
| Theoretical Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness | p. 34 |
| Models of Organizational Effectiveness | p. 37 |
| State of Research on Effectiveness and Performance in Nonprofit Organizations | p. 39 |
| Examples from the Field | p. 44 |
| Research Implications | p. 52 |
| Social Indicators for Assessing the Impact of the Independent, Not-for-Profit Sector of Society | p. 59 |
| Social Indicators: Historical Developments and Current State | p. 60 |
| Social Indicators for Assessing the Nonprofit Sector | p. 66 |
| Civil Society and Governance | p. 77 |
| The Vicious Circle of the Constricting State as Viewed through the Failure of Executive Leadership in Anglo-American Democracies | p. 81 |
| Introduction | p. 81 |
| The Crisis of Executive Leadership in a Wider Context | p. 83 |
| Anglo-American Systems in the Age of Interventionist Governance | p. 86 |
| The Emergence of Neoliberalism | p. 89 |
| The Crisis of Executive Leadership | p. 93 |
| Why Style has Supplanted Substance and Fueled the Shift to Neoliberalism | p. 94 |
| Toward Recasting Executive Leadership | p. 96 |
| The Necessity for Studying Organizational Advocacy Comparatively | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Toward an Operational Definition of Advocacy | p. 105 |
| The Difficulty of Identifying Advocacy-Oriented Nonprofit Organizations | p. 107 |
| Advocacy Across the Nonprofit Sector | p. 109 |
| Research Strategies for Studying Advocacy | p. 116 |
| Conclusion | p. 119 |
| The Distributional Impacts of Nonprofits and Philanthropy | p. 123 |
| Why Be Concerned about Distributional Consequences Now? | p. 124 |
| Information Gaps | p. 125 |
| How Are Distributional Issues Examined in the Public Sector? | p. 126 |
| Third Sector's Criteria for Assessing Distributional Consequences | p. 129 |
| Typologies of Third-Sector Activities | p. 130 |
| Potential Indicators of the Distibutional Impacts of Nonprofits | p. 133 |
| Data Series That Can Improve Our Measures | p. 134 |
| Major Research Priorities | p. 134 |
| Conclusion | p. 135 |
| Can Public Life Be Regenerated? | p. 137 |
| Developing a Concept of Public Life | p. 138 |
| Guesses About Structure and Function | p. 141 |
| From What to How | p. 154 |
| Measuring the Impact of Various Subsectors and Special Populations | p. 157 |
| Women and Philanthropy: Charting a Research Agenda | p. 161 |
| Introduction | p. 161 |
| Entering the Mainstream: Women's Studies, History, and Philanthropy | p. 163 |
| Interdisciplinary Issues: Philanthropy and Civil Society | p. 166 |
| Scholarship and Practice | p. 169 |
| Future Research Needs | p. 171 |
| A Theory-of-Change Approach to Evaluating Investments in Public Education | p. 173 |
| What Should a "Good" Evaluation Do? | p. 174 |
| The Theory of Change Evaluation Process | p. 175 |
| Conclusion | p. 180 |
| Measuring the Impact of Nonprofit Health Care Organizations | p. 185 |
| The Nonprofit Health Care Sector | p. 185 |
| Some General Observations About Measures in Health Care | p. 187 |
| Type of Measurment | p. 189 |
| Evidence on Community Benefits | p. 194 |
| Conclusion | p. 197 |
| Revealing the Implicit: Searching for Measures of the Impact of the Arts | p. 199 |
| A Multifaceted Challenge | p. 200 |
| Two Categories of Information | p. 202 |
| The Task Ahead | p. 213 |
| The Emerging Status of Outcome Measurement in the Nonprofit Human Service Sector | p. 217 |
| Current Approaches to Measuring Outcomes: Selected Findings | p. 218 |
| Common Indicators of Outputs and Outcomes: Potential and Limitations | p. 224 |
| Indicators and Data Systems Required to Measure Outcomes | p. 227 |
| Important Research Questions | p. 228 |
| The Religious Dimensions of Giving and Volunteering | p. 231 |
| A Brief Overview | p. 232 |
| Critical Assessment | p. 234 |
| Suggestions for Futher Research | p. 240 |
| Conclusions | p. 247 |
| Measuring the Impact of the Nonprofit Sector on Society Is Probably Impossible but Possibly Useful: A Sociological Perspective | p. 249 |
| Why Measuring the Impact of the Nonprofit Sector Is Probably Impossible | p. 251 |
| Performance Indicators in For-Profit Firms | p. 253 |
| Why Performance Assessment is Even Harder at the Sectoral Level | p. 254 |
| Multiple Goals Just Make Things Worse | p. 257 |
| Bad Things Happen to Good Measures | p. 258 |
| Why Measuring Impact Is Probably Useful | p. 264 |
| Conclusion | p. 269 |
| An Agenda for Quantitative Evaluation of the Nonprofit Sector: Need, Obstacles, and Approaches | p. 273 |
| Measuring Outputs and Outcomes: Issues and Cautions | p. 275 |
| Why Is it Important to Evaluate the Nonprofit Sector's Role? | p. 276 |
| Valuing Outputs and Outcomes | p. 276 |
| What Kinds of Evidence Are Needed for Evaluation? | p. 280 |
| How Does the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector Affect Other Parts of the Economy? | p. 281 |
| What Evidence Is There That Nonprofits Behave Differently from For-Profits and Government Organizations? | p. 285 |
| Policy Implications and Directions for Future Research on Measurement | p. 287 |
| Index | p. 291 |
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