Preface | p. IX |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Triaxial Testing Under High Confining Pressures | p. 4 |
Triaxial testing | p. 4 |
Triaxial testing apparatus | p. 6 |
Conventional apparatus | p. 6 |
Solid-medium Griggs type apparatus | p. 9 |
Cubic press | p. 9 |
Ultra-high pressure apparatus | p. 12 |
The method of triaxial testing in a cubic press | p. 13 |
Apparatus and sample assembly | p. 13 |
Experimental procedures at room temperature | p. 16 |
Experimental procedures at high temperatures | p. 19 |
Pressure scale | p. 22 |
Observed examples of the effect of axial loading on confining pressure | p. 23 |
Experimental Results on Low Porosity Silicate Rocks | p. 25 |
Compressive strength | p. 25 |
Pressure dependence of strength at moderate confining pressures | p. 25 |
Pressure dependence of strength at high confining pressures | p. 27 |
Acoustic emission | p. 30 |
Frictional strength under high confining pressures | p. 35 |
Fault features | p. 38 |
Sample preparation | p. 39 |
Features of faulting | p. 39 |
Stress-strain curves at room temperature | p. 46 |
Strength data at room temperature | p. 47 |
Two Types of Brittle Fracture | p. 51 |
High pressure type of fracture | p. 51 |
Comparison with previous high temperature experiments | p. 52 |
Transitional regime and semibrittle regime | p. 55 |
Other examples of two types of fracture | p. 57 |
Gneiss | p. 57 |
Experiments in a cubic press at high temperatures | p. 61 |
Temperature dependence of strength in the high-pressure type regime | p. 68 |
Micromechanics | p. 73 |
Introduction | p. 73 |
Micro-fracture styles | p. 73 |
Discussion on the mechanisms of fracturing | p. 79 |
Summary | p. 83 |
Strength data at elevated temperatures | p. 84 |
Geophysical and Geological Implications of the Two Types of Fracture | p. 86 |
The conditions for application to the earth's interior | p. 86 |
The effect of size on rock strength under confining pressures | p. 88 |
The effect of size on uniaxial compressive strength and characteristic length | p. 88 |
The effect of size under confining pressure | p. 90 |
Implications in the earth's crust | p. 92 |
Strength of the lithosphere | p. 96 |
Brittle-ductile model | p. 96 |
A model including the high-pressure type fracture | p. 98 |
An approach to earthquake prediction research | p. 104 |
Mechanical Behavior of Porous Silicate Rocks | p. 108 |
Introduction | p. 108 |
Mechanical properties of a porous basalt under high confining pressure | p. 109 |
Volumetric strain | p. 109 |
AE activity | p. 112 |
Boundaries of mechanical states in the differential stress--confining pressure field | p. 114 |
Microstructural observations of porous basalt and the mechanism of cataclastic ductile flow | p. 117 |
Macroscopic observations | p. 119 |
Microscopic observations | p. 119 |
The mechanism of cataclastic ductile flow | p. 127 |
Change in the mechanism of cataclastic flow of porous rock under high confining pressure | p. 132 |
Creep analysis and equivalent viscosity | p. 133 |
Pressure-induced change in the mechanism of cataclastic flow | p. 138 |
High-pressure embrittlement | p. 140 |
High-pressure embrittlement in porous sandstone | p. 141 |
Microscopic observations of high-pressure embrittlement in eclogite | p. 143 |
Conditions and mechanism of high-pressure embrittlement | p. 145 |
Structure of a fault zone and related geophysical and geological implications | p. 147 |
Experimental data on the deformation of dry Yakuno basalt with 7% porosity at room temperature | p. 150 |
Characteristics of the cubic press with a large axial displacement | p. 152 |
References | p. 155 |
Subject Index | p. 171 |
Author Index | p. 175 |
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