About the Editors | p. xv |
Contributors | p. xvii |
Foreword | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Introduction | p. xxiii |
A Historical Overview and Contextual Factors | |
African-American Mental Health: A Historical Perspective | p. 3 |
Major Periods and Their Influences | p. 5 |
Themes from the Literature | p. 6 |
A Renewed Approach | p. 7 |
Conclusion | p. 9 |
Chapter Summary | p. 9 |
Classroom Activities | p. 10 |
A Conceptual and Theoretical Framework for Understanding African-American Mental Health | p. 15 |
Review of the Literature | p. 17 |
Philosophical and Theoretical Underpinnings of Traditional Mental Health Programming | p. 21 |
Present-Day Attempts to Reform Traditional Program Philosophies and Theoretical Underpinnings | p. 23 |
Expanded Approaches to Conceptualizing Mental Health Programming for African Americans | p. 25 |
Conceptualization of Alternative Mental Health Programming: Essential Components | p. 26 |
Conclusion | p. 28 |
Chapter Summary | p. 29 |
Discussion Questions | p. 30 |
Mental Health Interventions and the Black Community | p. 39 |
Literature Overview | p. 40 |
The Evolving Conception of Mental Health Problems | p. 43 |
Mental Health Care for African Americans | p. 45 |
Evidence-Based Treatments and Best Practices | p. 48 |
Conclusion | p. 50 |
Chapter Summary | p. 51 |
Group or Classroom Activities | p. 52 |
Mental Health Interventions for Current Issues Impacting the Black Community | |
Mental Health Services in Group Homes and Foster Care Services | p. 59 |
Review of the Literature | p. 61 |
Ethnic Differences in Utilization of Mental Health Services | p. 62 |
Mental Health Diagnoses of Children in Care | p. 63 |
Impact of Type of Placement Setting on Mental Health Service Provision | p. 64 |
Barriers to Mental Health Service Delivery to Children in Foster Care: Impact of Managed Care | p. 65 |
New and Expanded Approaches | p. 66 |
Conclusion | p. 69 |
Chapter Summary | p. 69 |
Suggested Group and Classroom Activities | p. 70 |
African-American Women and Depression: The Intersection of Race and Gender | p. 77 |
Review of Literature | p. 79 |
Characteristics and Symptoms of Depression | p. 81 |
Case Study: Juanita | p. 82 |
New or Expanded Approaches in Working with African-American Women with Depression | p. 83 |
Conclusion | p. 86 |
Key Word Summary | p. 86 |
Chapter Summary | p. 87 |
Suggested Classroom Activities | p. 88 |
Mental Health Challenges for Incarcerated African-American Women | p. 93 |
Literature Review and Theoretical Underpinnings | p. 95 |
Incarceration Disparities | p. 97 |
Expanded Approaches and Best Practice | p. 98 |
Reintegration/Recidivism | p. 102 |
Back to the Neighborhood | p. 103 |
Conclusion | p. 106 |
Chapter Summary | p. 107 |
Suggested Group/Classroom Activities | p. 108 |
Prevalence of Substance Abuse Within the African-American Community: Mental Health Implications and Interventions | p. 113 |
Review of the Literature | p. 114 |
Historical Context of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use Among African Americans | p. 115 |
Use and Abuse of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs | p. 118 |
The Effects of Drug and Alcohol Use | p. 120 |
Life Course Analysis and Current Substance Abuse Treatment Approaches for African Americans | p. 122 |
Expanded Approaches in the Treatment of Substance Abuse Among African Americans | p. 127 |
Spirituality and Religion As a Clinical Intervention | p. 128 |
Network Intervention | p. 128 |
Creative Arts Therapy | p. 129 |
Conclusion | p. 129 |
Chapter Summary | p. 130 |
Discussion Questions | p. 130 |
The Consumers of Mental Health Services Over the Life Course | |
Poverty, Special Education, and ADHD | p. 139 |
Literature Review | p. 140 |
History of ADHD | p. 141 |
Ritalin | p. 142 |
Middle Childhood Development | p. 143 |
Poverty, School, and Parental Involvement | p. 144 |
New Expanded Approach | p. 145 |
Conclusion | p. 149 |
Chapter Summary | p. 150 |
Ancillary Activity | p. 150 |
War on African-American Girls: Overcoming Adversities | p. 155 |
Literature Review | p. 156 |
Influence of Sexual Behavior | p. 157 |
Academic Achievement | p. 159 |
Misperceptions | p. 159 |
Successful, Strength-Based Model | p. 160 |
New Expanded Approach | p. 161 |
Attempts to Address These Obstacles | p. 161 |
Consequences of Past Practices | p. 163 |
Impact on Others | p. 163 |
Formal Social Structures | p. 165 |
Life Course Perspective | p. 165 |
Africentric Perspective | p. 168 |
Suggested Mental Health Intervention Strategies | p. 168 |
Public Policy | p. 169 |
Social Supports | p. 169 |
Programming | p. 170 |
Dissemination Strategies | p. 171 |
Conclusion | p. 172 |
Chapter Summary | p. 172 |
Classroom Activities | p. 172 |
Suicide and Young African-American Males | p. 179 |
Review of the Literature | p. 180 |
Risk Factors | p. 183 |
Approaches to Suicide Prevention | p. 185 |
Conclusion | p. 189 |
Chapter Summary | p. 189 |
Group or Classroom Activities | p. 190 |
Social Supports of Elderly African Americans with Mental Health Concerns | p. 195 |
Case Study | p. 196 |
Profile of Older African Americans | p. 196 |
Literature Review | p. 197 |
Attitudes Toward Mental Illness/Mental Health Issues | p. 199 |
Availability of Culturally Relevant Mental Health Practitioners | p. 201 |
Use of Mental Health Services and African-American Elderly | p. 201 |
New or Expanded Approaches | p. 203 |
Conclusion | p. 207 |
Suggested Classroom Activities | p. 207 |
Mental Health Research, Policy Initiatives, and Evidence-Based Practice | |
Conceptualizing Soul As a Mental Health Resource in the Black Community | p. 213 |
Review of Literature | p. 214 |
The Psychology of Healthy Core Belief | p. 218 |
The Sociology of the Collective "We" | p. 219 |
The Spiritual | p. 220 |
The Roots of Resilience in Black Spirituality | p. 222 |
New or Expanded Approaches to Soul Resilience and the Concept of Soul | p. 226 |
Conclusion | p. 228 |
Chapter Summary | p. 228 |
Group and Classroom Activities | p. 228 |
Mental Health Policy: Implications for African Americans | p. 233 |
Literature Overview | p. 234 |
Historical Underpinnings of Mental Health Policy for African Americans | p. 236 |
New or Expanded Approaches to Mental Health Policy Analysis for African Americans | p. 237 |
TANF and ASFA Impacts on Mental Health Policy for African Americans | p. 240 |
The Community Mental Health Centers Act | p. 244 |
Conclusion | p. 246 |
Chapter Summary | p. 247 |
Suggested Group or Classroom Activities (All Assignments May be Done in Small Groups or Teams) | p. 248 |
Rural African-American Families and Their Mental Health Needs: South Carolina As an Exemplar | p. 253 |
Literature Overview | p. 254 |
Mental Health Issues in South Carolina | p. 257 |
An Expanded Approach to Rural Services | p. 259 |
Conclusion | p. 260 |
Chapter Summary | p. 260 |
Groups and Classroom Exercises | p. 261 |
Kinship Care As a Mental Health Intervention for African-American Families | p. 265 |
Literature Review | p. 267 |
Intervention Properties of Kinship Care | p. 268 |
Expanded Approach | p. 269 |
Mental Health Properties of Kinship Care for Children in Care | p. 269 |
Mental Health Properties of Kinship Care for Relative Caregivers | p. 271 |
Mental Health Properties of Kinship Care for Biological Parents | p. 273 |
Mental Health Properties of Kinship Care for the African-American Community | p. 273 |
Practice Incorporating a Life Course Perspective of Kinship Care As an Intervention | p. 275 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Chapter Summary | p. 276 |
Classroom Activities | p. 276 |
Mental Health Needs of Multiethnic Families and Children | p. 283 |
Review of the Literature | p. 285 |
Multiracial Families | p. 286 |
Multiracial Children | p. 286 |
Critical Analysis of the Literature | p. 287 |
Implications for Individuals, Families, and Communities | p. 291 |
Expanded Approach | p. 292 |
Conclusion | p. 295 |
Chapter Summary | p. 296 |
Discussion Points | p. 298 |
Implications for An Integrated, Holistic Approach to Mental Health Services | |
African-American Males and the Rites of Passage Experience | p. 305 |
High-Risk Youth and Pseudo Rites of Passage, and Emotional Well-Being | p. 306 |
The Surge of Youth Violence | p. 307 |
Contemporary Rites of Passage Steeped in Africentricity | p. 309 |
Racial Identity and Adolescent Development | p. 313 |
Conclusion | p. 315 |
Chapter Summary | p. 316 |
Discussion Questions and Points | p. 317 |
African-American Women: Mental Health and HIV/AIDS | p. 321 |
Impact on Individuals | p. 322 |
Strengths and Evidence-Based Practice | p. 325 |
Public Policy | p. 327 |
Expanded Approaches | p. 329 |
Conclusion | p. 333 |
Chapter Summary | p. 333 |
Group/Classroom Activities | p. 334 |
Counseling African-American Students at a Predominately White University: The Role of Stereotype Threat | p. 339 |
Review of the Literature | p. 341 |
Stereotype Threat Activation | p. 342 |
Stereotype Threat Reactions | p. 343 |
Altering Performance Expectations | p. 345 |
Altering Performance Attributions | p. 346 |
Identities: Domain Identification and Dis-Identification | p. 346 |
Expanded Approaches for Assessing and Treating Stereotype Threat | p. 349 |
Conclusion | p. 353 |
Chapter Summary | p. 353 |
Classroom Discussion Questions | p. 354 |
Understanding Mental Health Conditions: An African-Centered Perspective | p. 359 |
Literature Review | p. 359 |
New Expanded Approach | p. 360 |
Black Experience | p. 362 |
Negritude | p. 363 |
African-Centered Epistemology | p. 364 |
African-Centered Axiology | p. 365 |
Collective Consciousness | p. 366 |
Conclusion | p. 367 |
Chapter Summary | p. 368 |
Ancillary Activities | p. 368 |
Epilogue. The Healing Spirit of Our Ancestors: A Look Toward the Future | p. 373 |
A Look to the Past | p. 374 |
Remembering the Healing Wisdom of the Ancestors | p. 376 |
Index | p. 379 |
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