Mental Representation and Processing of Geographic Knowledge : A Computational Approach - Thomas Barkowsky

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Mental Representation and Processing of Geographic Knowledge

A Computational Approach

By: Thomas Barkowsky

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Paperback | 11 December 2002

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188 Pages

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23.5 x 15.24 x 0.64

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In cognitive science, mental representations of spatial knowledge are metaphorically referred to as cognitive maps. However, investigations in cognitive psychology reveal that the cognitive map metaphor is inadequate and that more suitable conceptions of human spatial knowledge processing are needed.
This book addresses mental processing of knowledge about geographic space from an AI point of view by presenting an experimental computational modeling approach. Results about human memory and visual mental imagery from cognitive psychology are combined with AI techniques of spatial and diagrammatic knowledge processing. The author develops the diagrammatic reasoning architecture MIRAGE as a comprehensive conception of human geographic knowledge processing.

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Introduction	p. 1
Mental Processing of Geographic Knowledge	p. 1
Cognitive Maps	p. 1
Mental Construction of Spatial Knowledge: An Example	p. 3
Theses and Assumptions	p. 5
Knowledge Construction and Human Memory	p. 5
Characteristics of Geographic Knowledge	p. 5
Spatial Knowledge Organization in Long-Term Memory	p. 8
Visual Mental Images and Diagrammatic Reasoning	p. 8
Research Questions and Goals	p. 12
Research Questions	p. 12
Goals	p. 13
Approach: Experimental Computational Modeling	p. 14
Computational Cognition	p. 14
Building Computational Models	p. 16
Modeling as Experimental Approach	p. 18
Organization of this Thesis	p. 19
State of the Art	p. 21
Spatial Knowledge Conceptions: Cognitive Maps and Other Metaphors	p. 21
Cognitive Maps	p. 22
Rubber Sheet Maps, Cognitive Atlases, Collages, and Geographic Information Systems	p. 24
Spatial Mental Models	p. 27
Other Conceptions	p. 28
Human Memory	p. 29
Working Memory	p. 30
Long-Term Memory	p. 31
Interacting Memory Systems in Mental Imagery	p. 32
Mental Imagery	p. 33
The Imagery Debate	p. 34
Psychological and Neuroscientific Foundations	p. 35
The Kosslyn Models	p. 37
The 1980 Model	p. 38
The 1994 Model	p. 41
Spatial Reasoning	p. 45
Topology	p. 46
Orientation	p. 48
Distance	p. 50
Shape	p. 52
Computational Geometry	p. 53
Diagrammatic Reasoning	p. 54
Propositional vs. Analogical Knowledge Representation	p. 55
Types of Diagrammatic Reasoning Systems	p. 56
Examples for Diagrammatic Reasoning Architectures	p. 58
DEPIC-2D	p. 58
WHISPER	p. 59
Computational Imagery	p. 60
Summary	p. 62
MIRAGE - Developing the Model	p. 65
Characteristics of the Model	p. 65
Long-Term Memory	p. 66
Working Memory	p. 68
Evaluating the Working Memory Representation	p. 69
MIRAGE - Outline of the Model	p. 71
Types of Entities and Spatial Relations in MIRAGE	p. 75
Entities	p. 75
Relations	p. 75
Subsystems, Structures, and Processes	p. 77
Long-Term Memory Activation	p. 77
Spatial Knowledge Fragments	p. 77
The Hierarchical Long-Term Memory Representation	p. 79
The Access Process	p. 80
The Activated Long-Term Memory Representation	p. 83
The Construction Process	p. 84
Visual Mental Image Construction	p. 85
The Enriched Representation	p. 85
The Conversion Process	p. 86
The Visual Buffer	p. 88
The Visualization Process	p. 89
Image Inspection	p. 91
The Inspection Result	p. 91
The Inspection Process	p. 92
Visual Mental Image Construction in Detail	p. 95
A More Demanding Scenario	p. 96
Diagrammatic Representations of Lean Knowledge	p. 98
Consequences for Image Construction	p. 99
Relaxation of Spatial Constraints	p. 99
Completion of Qualitative Spatial Relations	p. 100
Interpretation of Qualitative Spatial Relations	p. 101
Image Revision Strategies in MIRAGE	p. 102
Unstable Images	p. 103
Omission of Facts	p. 106
Revision of Relational Completion	p. 107
Variation of Relational Completion	p. 108
Relaxation of Relational Completion	p. 109
Revision of Image Specification	p. 110
Depicting Qualitative Spatial Relations	p. 111
Depicting Unspecified Spatial Relations	p. 112
Summary	p. 113
MIRAGE Implementation	p. 117
Computational Tools for Modeling: SIMSIS	p. 117
The Idea of SIMSIS	p. 118
The Aspect Map Model	p. 118
Modeling Aspect Maps in SIMSIS	p. 120
Depictions, Scenarios, and Interpretations	p. 120
SIMSIS Pictures	p. 121
SIMSIS Facts and Scenarios	p. 122
SIMSIS Interpretations and Meaning Systems	p. 123
Realization of the Model	p. 124
MIRAGE Structures	p. 124
Entities, Relations, and Spatial Knowledge Fragments	p. 124
The Long-Term Memory Representations	p. 127
The Visual Buffer	p. 128
MIRAGE Processes	p. 129
The Long-Term Memory Activation Processes	p. 129
The Image Construction Processes	p. 131
Image Inspection	p. 133
Operation and Behavior of MIRAGE	p. 134
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 139
Summary	p. 139
Results and Discussion	p. 142
Reflecting the Theses	p. 143
Spatial Knowledge Construction	p. 143
Underdeterminacy in Long-Term Memory	p. 144
Fragmentation and Hierarchical Organization	p. 144
Visual Mental Imagery	p. 145
The Parameters of the Model	p. 145
Explicit Parameters	p. 146
Implicit Parameters	p. 147
Conclusions	p. 148
Future Work	p. 148
Extending MIRAGE	p. 149
Geographic Entities and Spatial Relations	p. 149
Partially Aggregated Knowledge Structures	p. 150
Mental Imagery Functionality	p. 150
Parameters of MIRAGE	p. 151
Empirical Investigations	p. 151
Use of Default Knowledge	p. 151
Control of Image Construction	p. 153
Processing Capacity for Mental Images	p. 153
Use of Chunking Facilities	p. 154
Combination of Propositional and Image-Based Reasoning	p. 154
Application Perspectives	p. 154
Adequate Presentation of Visual Information	p. 155
External Support of Reasoning in Mental Images	p. 155
Bibliography	p. 157
Index	p. 169
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Mental Representation and Processing of Geographic Knowledge

A Computational Approach

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Paperback

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