| Preface to the Series | p. iii |
| Preface to Volume 37 | p. v |
| Contributors | p. xv |
| Contents of Previous Volumes | p. xxi |
| Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds | p. xlv |
| Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry | p. xlvi |
| Manganese in Natural Waters and Earth's Crust: Its Availability to Organisms | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Chemical Properties | p. 6 |
| Rates of Manganese Reactions in Water | p. 14 |
| Manganese Profiles in the Oceans | p. 21 |
| Freshwaters | p. 26 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 27 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 30 |
| References | p. 30 |
| Manganese Transport in Microorganisms | p. 35 |
| Introduction and Overview | p. 36 |
| Biochemical Studies in Bacteria | p. 37 |
| Genes Controlling Manganese Accumulation in Bacteria | p. 39 |
| Genes Controlling Manganese Accumulation in Yeast | p. 41 |
| Genes Controlling the Intracellular Transport and Trafficking of Manganese Ions in Yeast | p. 47 |
| Conclusions and Directions for the Future | p. 51 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 52 |
| Abbreviations | p. 52 |
| References | p. 53 |
| Manganese Uptake and Transport in Plants | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 58 |
| Availability of Manganese in the Rhizosphere | p. 59 |
| Uptake of Manganese by Plant Cells | p. 61 |
| Transport of Manganese in Xylem and Phloem | p. 69 |
| Loading of Manganese into Developing Grain | p. 74 |
| Genotypic Differences in Manganese Uptake and Utilization | p. 76 |
| Conclusions | p. 77 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 78 |
| Abbreviations | p. 78 |
| References | p. 78 |
| Manganese Metabolism in Animals and Humans Including the Toxicity of Manganese | p. 89 |
| Introduction | p. 90 |
| Chemical and Physical Properties | p. 90 |
| Analysis | p. 91 |
| Physiological Role | p. 92 |
| Manganese Deficiency | p. 97 |
| Manganese Toxicity | p. 104 |
| Assessment of Manganese Status | p. 110 |
| Summary and Future Directions | p. 112 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 113 |
| Abbreviations | p. 113 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metal Ions in Health and Disease | p. 123 |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Interdependence Between Manganese and Other Metals in Absorption | p. 125 |
| Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Peripheral Organs | p. 126 |
| Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Brain | p. 135 |
| Interrelations Between Manganese and Other Metals in Brain in Human Health and Diseases | p. 148 |
| Conclusions and Prospects for Future Studies | p. 152 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 152 |
| Abbreviations | p. 152 |
| References | p. 152 |
| The Use of Manganese as a Probe for Elucidating the Role of Magnesium Ions in Ribozymes | p. 157 |
| Introduction | p. 158 |
| Use of Mn[superscript 2+] in Biochemical Studies of Phosphorothioate-Containing Ribozymes | p. 162 |
| Use of Mn[superscript 2+] in Crystallographic Experiments to Find Mg[superscript 2+] Binding Sites | p. 168 |
| Use of Mn[superscript 2+] in Magnetic Resonance Experiments to Study Metal Binding Sites | p. 171 |
| Conclusions | p. 175 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 176 |
| Abbreviations | p. 176 |
| References | p. 177 |
| Mn[superscript 2+] as a Probe of Divalent Metal Ion Binding and Function in Enzymes and Other Proteins | p. 183 |
| Introduction and Overview | p. 184 |
| Survey of Coordination Properties and Tendencies | p. 185 |
| CW EPR Properties | p. 187 |
| Ligand Superhyperfine Splittings and Structure Determinations | p. 192 |
| ENDOR and ESEEM Methods | p. 200 |
| Electron Spin-Spin Coupling and Multinuclear Metal Centers | p. 201 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 202 |
| Abbreviations | p. 202 |
| References | p. 202 |
| Enzymes and Proteins Containing Manganese: an Overview | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 211 |
| Oxidoreductases | p. 215 |
| Transferases | p. 228 |
| Hydrolases | p. 236 |
| Lyases | p. 242 |
| Isomerases | p. 245 |
| Ligases | p. 249 |
| Proteins Containing Bound Manganese | p. 253 |
| Conclusions | p. 255 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 256 |
| Abbreviations | p. 256 |
| References | p. 257 |
| Manganese(II) in Concanavalin a and Other Lectin Proteins | p. 279 |
| Introduction: The Biology and Molecular Biology of Concanavalin A | p. 280 |
| Isolation and Characterization | p. 282 |
| Spectroscopic Studies | p. 286 |
| Crystals of Concanavalin A: Introduction and Early History | p. 287 |
| Ultrahigh-Resolution X-Ray Protein Crystallography | p. 289 |
| Manganese Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion Protein Crystallography | p. 291 |
| Neutron Laue Diffraction | p. 292 |
| Role of Manganese in Saccharide Binding in Concanavalin A and Other Legume Lectins | p. 295 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 298 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 299 |
| References | p. 300 |
| Manganese-Activated Phosphatases | p. 305 |
| Introduction: Phosphate Esters in Biological Systems | p. 306 |
| Classification of Metal-Activated Phosphatases | p. 309 |
| Phosphatase Structure and Active Site Metal Ion Geometry | p. 314 |
| Mechanisms of Hydrolysis | p. 327 |
| Conclusions | p. 333 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 337 |
| Abbreviations | p. 337 |
| References | p. 337 |
| Manganese(II) as a Probe for the Mechanism and Specificity of Restriction Endonucleases | p. 345 |
| Introduction | p. 346 |
| DNA Recognition and Cleavage | p. 348 |
| Restriction Endonucleases with Manganese | p. 351 |
| Conclusions | p. 359 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 361 |
| Abbreviations and Definitions | p. 361 |
| References | p. 361 |
| Role of the Binuclear Manganese(II) Site in Xylose Isomerase | p. 365 |
| Introduction | p. 366 |
| X-Ray Crystal Structures of Xylose Isomerase | p. 368 |
| The Two Metal Binding Sites | p. 376 |
| EPR Studies on Manganese-Substituted Xylose Isomerase | p. 381 |
| The Catalytic Mechanism and the Role of the Binuclear Center | p. 397 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 402 |
| Abbreviations | p. 402 |
| References | p. 402 |
| Arginase: a Binuclear Manganese Metalloenzyme | p. 407 |
| Introduction | p. 408 |
| Enzymology and Bioinorganic Chemistry | p. 409 |
| Arginase Structure and Mechanism | p. 416 |
| Related Binuclear Manganese Metalloenzymes | p. 423 |
| Conclusions | p. 425 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 425 |
| References | p. 425 |
| The Use of Model Complexes to Elucidate The Structure and Function of Manganese Redox Enzymes | p. 429 |
| Introduction | p. 430 |
| Manganese Catalases | p. 431 |
| The Oxygen Evolving Complex | p. 444 |
| The Energetics of Water Oxidation and the Role of Protons | p. 480 |
| Toward a Unified View of Biological Water Oxidation Chemistry | p. 486 |
| Conclusion | p. 491 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 493 |
| Abbreviations and Definitions | p. 493 |
| References | p. 494 |
| Manganese(II)-Dependent Extradiol-Cleaving Catechol Dioxygenases | p. 505 |
| Introduction | p. 506 |
| The Intradiol Cleavage Precedent | p. 506 |
| Fe(II)-Dependent Extradiol-Cleaving Dioxygenases | p. 510 |
| Mn(II)-Dependent Dioxygenases | p. 513 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 521 |
| Abbreviations | p. 521 |
| References | p. 522 |
| Manganese Catalases | p. 527 |
| Introduction | p. 528 |
| Reactivity | p. 530 |
| Spectroscopy | p. 539 |
| Structural Characterization | p. 547 |
| Mechanism | p. 550 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 552 |
| Abbreviations and Definitions | p. 552 |
| References | p. 553 |
| Manganese Peroxidase | p. 559 |
| Introduction | p. 560 |
| General Properties of Mn Peroxidase | p. 561 |
| Reactions Catalyzed by Mn Peroxidase | p. 561 |
| Biophysical Studies of Mn Peroxidase | p. 563 |
| Mn Peroxidase cDNA and Genomic Sequences | p. 567 |
| Crystal Structure of Mn Peroxidase | p. 569 |
| Structure-Function Studies of Mn Peroxidase | p. 574 |
| Regulation of Mn Peroxidase Gene Expression | p. 578 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 579 |
| Abbreviations | p. 579 |
| References | p. 580 |
| Manganese Superoxide Dismutase | p. 587 |
| Introduction | p. 588 |
| Manganese Superoxide Dismutase | p. 591 |
| Molecular Structure | p. 594 |
| Ligand Interactions | p. 599 |
| Mutagenic Dissection of the Active Site | p. 604 |
| Metal Specificity: The Irony of Mn Superoxide Dismutase | p. 605 |
| Superoxide Dismutase as a One-Electron Redox Engine | p. 607 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 607 |
| Abbreviations | p. 608 |
| References | p. 608 |
| Mechanistic Aspects of the Tyrosyl Radical-Manganese Complex in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation | p. 613 |
| Introduction | p. 615 |
| Structure of the Catalytic Site | p. 619 |
| Water Binding and Exchange | p. 625 |
| Proton Release | p. 626 |
| Mechanisms for Oxygen Production | p. 631 |
| The Nature of S-State Cycle Intermediates | p. 639 |
| Conclusions | p. 649 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 649 |
| Abbreviations | p. 650 |
| References | p. 650 |
| The Polypeptides of Photosystem II and Their Influence on Manganotyrosyl-Based Oxygen Evolution | p. 657 |
| Introduction | p. 658 |
| The Polypeptides of Photosystem II | p. 661 |
| The Environments of the Redox-Active Tyrosine Residues | p. 680 |
| The Environment of the Manganese Cluster | p. 683 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 692 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 692 |
| Abbreviations | p. 693 |
| References | p. 693 |
| Subject Index | p. 713 |
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