Metal-To-Nonmetal Transitions

By: Ronald Redmer (Editor), Bastian Holst (Editor), Friedrich Hensel (Editor)

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Hardcover | 11 March 2010 | Edition Number 5

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Materialscanbedividedintometalsandnonmetals.Thecharacteristicfeature ofmetalslikecopperandaluminumisahighelectricalandthermalconduct- ity, while nonmetals such as phosphor and sulfur are insulators. The electrical 6 ?1 ?1 conductivity varies over many orders of magnitude, from 10 ? m for ?20 ?1 ?1 typical metals down to 10 ? m for almost ideal insulators. However, a sharp separation between metals and insulators is in general not possible. For instance, semiconducting materials such as silicon and germanium ?ll the conductivity domain between metals and insulators. Their electrical cond- tivity is dependent on temperature and,in addition, canbe variedstronglyby doping the material with donor or acceptor atoms. A famous example is the sharp insulator-to-metal transition measured in Si:P at temperatures below 18 ?3 0.1K and donor concentrations of about 3.8-10 cm phosphor atoms [1]. Furthermore, materials may exist in both states: carbon is metallic as graphite and insulating as diamond. A fascinating quantum e?ect is observed at low temperatures: some materials even loose their electrical resistivity and becomesuperconductors.Therefore,thequestionsWhatisametal?andWhen does a metal transform into a nonmetal? are of fundamental interest and - lated to many aspects of modern physics and chemistry. We refer the int- ested reader to the very nice introduction into this diverse topic given by Edwards [2].

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Preface	p. V
References	p. IX
Luttinger, Peierls or Mott? Quantum Phase Transitions in Strongly Correlated 1D Electron-Phonon Systems	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Luttinger-Peierls Metal-Insulator Transition	p. 3
Peierls-Mott Insulator-Insulator Transition	p. 9
On the Possibility of an Intervening Metallic Phase	p. 14
Limiting Cases	p. 16
Adiabatic Holstein-Hubbard Model	p. 16
Spin-Peierls Model	p. 17
Conclusions	p. 18
References	p. 20
The Metal-Nonmetal Transition in Fluid Mercury: Landau-Zeldovich Revisited	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
The Liquid-Vapor Phase Boundary of Mercury	p. 24
References	p. 34
The Influence of Pauli Blocking Effects on the Mott Transition in Dense Hydrogen	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Bound States in a Plasma	p. 39
Generalized Beth-Uhlenbeck Equation	p. 39
Effective Schrödinger Equation of Pairs	p. 40
Evaluation of the Mean-Field Energy Shift of Bound States: Perturbation Theory	p. 42
Evaluation of the Mean-Field Energy Shift of Bound States: Variational Approach	p. 45
Evaluation of the Mean-Field Energy Shift of Bound States Including the Fock Term	p. 48
Discussion of Further Contributions to the Shift	p. 50
Thermodynamic Functions and Ionization Equilibrium of Hydrogen	p. 51
The Chemical Picture	p. 51
The Ionization Equilibrium	p. 54
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 58
References	p. 59
Metal-Insulator Transition in Dense Hydrogen	p. 63
Introduction	p. 63
Mott Effect in Dense Plasmas	p. 64
Theoretical Concept	p. 64
Experimental Signatures	p. 66
Advanced Chemical Models	p. 67
Free Energy Model for the EOS of Dense Hydrogen	p. 67
Reduced Volume Concept	p. 68
Results for the EOS	p. 69
Warm Dense Hydrogen in the Physical Picture	p. 71
Quantum Molecular Dynamics Simulations	p. 71
Ab Initio EOS Data and Hugoniot Curve	p. 73
Dynamic Conductivity	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 79
References	p. 80
Resolving the Ion and Electron Dynamics in Finite Systems Exposed to Intense Optical Laser Fields	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Experimental Challenge	p. 91
Computational Details	p. 95
Results and Discussion	p. 100
Energetic Particle Emission	p. 100
Time-Resolved Studies	p. 103
Directed Electron Emission	p. 107
Control Experiments	p. 109
Conclusions	p. 111
References	p. 111
Mott Effect in Nuclear Matter	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Single Particle Spectral Function and Self-Energy	p. 117
Two-Particle Contribution: Generalized Beth-Uhlenbeck Formula and Virial Expansion	p. 120
Cluster Mean-Field Approximation	p. 124
Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction	p. 127
Quasiparticle Approximation and the EoS at High Densities	p. 130
Medium Modifications of Two-Particle Correlations	p. 132
Medium Modification of Cluster Properties	p. 136
Composition of Normal Nuclear Matter	p. 139
Comparison with the Concept of Excluded Volume	p. 143
Two-Particle Condensates at Low Temperatures	p. 143
Four-Particle Condensates and Quartetting in Nuclear Matter	p. 146
Suppression of Condensate Fraction in ¿ Matter at Zero Temperature	p. 150
Enhancement of Cluster c.o.m. S Orbital Occupation in 4n Nuclei	p. 153
Conclusions	p. 156
References	p. 159
BEC-BCS Crossover in Strongly Interacting Matter	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Quark Matter	p. 163
Partition Function and Model Lagrangian	p. 163
Hubbard-Stratonovich Transformation: Bosonization	p. 164
Mean-Field Approximation: Order Parameters	p. 165
Phase Diagram	p. 166
Gaussian Fluctuations: Bound and Scattering States	p. 169
Further Developments	p. 175
Nuclear Matter	p. 176
Lagrangian Approach to the Partition Function (NJL vs. Walecka model)	p. 176
Hubbard-Stratonovich Transformation: Bosonization	p. 177
Mean-Field Approximation: Order Parameters and EoS	p. 178
Discussion	p. 180
Conclusions	p. 181
References	p. 181
Index	p. 183
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