| Contributors | |
| Preface | |
| Local Probe Techniques | |
| Scanning Tunneling Microscopy | p. 4 |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | p. 7 |
| Force Spectroscopy | p. 13 |
| Photonic Force Microscopy | p. 21 |
| The Atomic Force Microscope in the Study of Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis | |
| Methods | p. 35 |
| AFM Studies on Live Cells | p. 37 |
| Identification of New Plasma Membrane Structures Involved in Exocytosis | p. 39 |
| Future of AFM in the Study of Live Cells | p. 47 |
| Atomic Force Microscope Imaging of Cells and Membranes | |
| AFM Equipment | p. 52 |
| AFM Operating Modes | p. 53 |
| Requirements for the Imaging of Intact Cells | p. 53 |
| Imaging of Cells | p. 56 |
| Imaging of Isolated Membranes | p. 63 |
| Conclusion and Perspectives | p. 63 |
| Measuring the Elastic Properties of Living Cells by the Atomic Force Microscope | |
| Principles of Measurement | p. 70 |
| Application to Cells | p. 74 |
| Mechanics of Cellular Dynamics | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 86 |
| Cell Adhesion Measured by Force Spectroscopy on Living Cells | |
| Instrumentation | p. 92 |
| Preparations of the Force Sensor for Measurements with Living Cells | p. 94 |
| Cell Culture | p. 109 |
| Final Remarks | p. 110 |
| Molecular Recognition Studies Using the Atomic Force Microscope | |
| Experimental Approach | p. 117 |
| Dynamic Force Spectroscopy | p. 124 |
| Recognition Imaging | p. 133 |
| The Biophysics of Sensory Cells of the Inner Ear Examined by Atomic Force Microscopy and Patch Clamp | |
| Morphology and Function of Cochlear Hair Cells | p. 143 |
| AFM Technology | p. 147 |
| Applications | p. 155 |
| Discussion | p. 165 |
| Outlook | p. 166 |
| Biotechnological Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy | |
| Methods | p. 174 |
| Analysis | p. 178 |
| Application Examples | p. 182 |
| Future Directions and Improvements | p. 187 |
| Cellular Membranes Studied by Photonic Force Microscopy | |
| Photonic Force Microscopy | p. 194 |
| Experimental Considerations | p. 199 |
| Methods for Biological Probe Microscopy in Aqueous Fluids | |
| Substrates/Surfaces | p. 215 |
| Basic Methods for Atomic Force Microscopy in Aqueous Fluids | p. 215 |
| Molecular Force Probing | p. 223 |
| Advanced Fluid Handling | p. 225 |
| Conclusion | p. 228 |
| Supported Lipid Bilayers as Effective Substrates for Atomic Force Microscopy | |
| Preparation of the Supported Bilayer Substrates | p. 232 |
| Examples of Applications | p. 236 |
| Summary | p. 240 |
| Cryo-Atomic Force Microscopy | |
| Designs and Instrumentation | p. 244 |
| Applications in Structural Biology | p. 248 |
| Deep Etching as the Preferred Sample Preparation Method | p. 252 |
| New Directions | p. 253 |
| Conformations, Flexibility, and Interactions Observed on Individual Membrane Proteins by Atomic Force Microscopy | |
| High-Resolution AFM Imaging | p. 260 |
| Identification of Membrane Proteins | p. 264 |
| Observing the Oligomerization of Membrane Proteins | p. 270 |
| Unraveling the Conformational Variability of Membrane Proteins | p. 272 |
| Comparing AFM Topographs to Atomic Models | p. 275 |
| Conformational Changes of Native Membrane Proteins | p. 278 |
| Observing the Assembly of Membrane Proteins | p. 285 |
| Detecting Intra- and Intermolecular Forces of Proteins | p. 287 |
| Conclusions and Perspectives | p. 289 |
| Single-Molecule Force Measurements | |
| Experimental Design | p. 302 |
| Applications | p. 306 |
| Forced Unfolding of Single Proteins | |
| The Biological System | p. 313 |
| Forced Unfolding | p. 317 |
| Analysis | p. 321 |
| Models | p. 324 |
| Conclusions and Prospects | p. 328 |
| Appendices | p. 328 |
| Developments in Dynamic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy | |
| Active Q Control | p. 340 |
| Application of Active Q-Control AFM | p. 344 |
| Transverse Dynamic Force Techniques | p. 351 |
| Conclusions | p. 354 |
| Scanning Force Microscopy Studies on the Structure and Dynamics of Single DNA Molecules | |
| The Control of Adsorption of DNA on Surfaces | p. 359 |
| Air Imaging of DNA: Which Present, Which Future? | p. 366 |
| Imaging DNA in Fluid | p. 370 |
| DNA Manipulation with the SFM: The Controlled Dissection of DNA | p. 377 |
| The Study of DNA Conformations and Mechanics: Curvature and Flexibility | p. 379 |
| An Interesting Issue: The Shape of Supercoiled DNA | p. 385 |
| Conclusions and Perspectives | p. 388 |
| Index | p. 397 |
| Volumes in Series | p. 409 |
| Table of Contents provided by Blackwell. All Rights Reserved. |
