Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems

By: Steffen Hardt (Editor), Friedhelm SchÃ¶nfeld (Editor)

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Hardcover | 7 November 2007

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644 Pages

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23.5 x 16.51 x 3.18

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Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the fluidic aspects of Lab-on-a-Chip technology. This book describes the most important and state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies and the underlying principles utilized in the implementation of fluidic protocols of miniaturized analysis systems. This book discusses many of the effects, outcomes, and techniques which are unique to microfluidic systems. The specific components of this technology toolbox are elucidated through research and examples presented by some of the most renowned experts in the field.

Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems is an important reference for professionals and academic researchers seeking information about the latest techniques, including:

Control and pumping of small amounts of liquid
Particle and cell manipulation
Micromixing
Separation technology
Bioanalytic methods

About the MEMS Reference Shelf:
The MEMS Reference Shelf is a series devoted to Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which combine mechanical, optical, or fluidic elements on a common microfabricated substrate to create sensors, actuators, and microsystems. This series strives to provide a framework where basic principles, known methodologies, and new applications are integrated in a coherent and consistent manner.
STEPHEN D. SENTURIA, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
PROFESSOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, EMERITUS

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"The book ... provides an interesting and informative compilation of state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies. ... The individual chapters were written by expert authors in their specific fields. ... This book can be recommended for advanced students, technicians, and scientists interested in basic concepts in microfluidics and will help them design and understand microfluidic systems. The excellent theoretical chapters and high-quality illustrations are also a splendid resource for teachers in the field. ... In summary, this microfluidic 'toolbox' is a good base for understanding microfluidic technology." (Alexandra Ros, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 392, 2008)

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Paperback

Published: 23rd November 2010

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Preface	p. v
List of Contributors	p. xix
Microfluidics: Fundamentals and Engineering Concepts	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Essentials of Fluidic Transport Phenomena at Small Scales	p. 3
Microflow Versus Macroflow	p. 3
Nanoflow	p. 8
Scaling Analysis	p. 14
Scaling Analysis for Single-Phase Flow	p. 18
Flow Rate	p. 18
Heat Generation	p. 19
Heat Transfer	p. 20
Mass Transfer and Mixing	p. 22
Hydrodynamic Dispersion	p. 23
Scaling Analysis for Two-Phase Flow	p. 24
Capillary Filling	p. 25
Droplet Formation	p. 26
Blocking of Channels by Bubbles	p. 27
Particle Trapping by Dipole Forces	p. 29
Summary of Scaling Laws	p. 31
System/Engineering Concepts and Design Approaches for Microfluidics	p. 31
Engineering Concepts for Microfluidic Systems	p. 31
Mixing	p. 32
Separation	p. 33
Sensing and Detection	p. 34
Pumping	p. 35
Valving	p. 35
Manipulation of Bubbles and Slugs	p. 37
Integration and Materials	p. 38
Design Methods	p. 42
Reduced Order Models for Single-Phase Flow	p. 43
Multiphase and Particulate Flows	p. 45
Optimization and System Design	p. 48
References	p. 49
Electrohydrodynamic and Magnetohydrodynamic Micropumps	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Basic Features of Conduction in Liquids	p. 60
Mechanical Aspects of Micropumps	p. 64
Electric Forces in the Bulk: Injection, Conduction, and Induction EHD Pumps	p. 66
Injection Pump	p. 57
Pump Principle	p. 68
Characteristics	p. 72
Conduction Pump	p. 74
Pump Principle	p. 75
Characteristics	p. 78
Induction Pump	p. 80
Pump Principle	p. 81
Characteristics	p. 84
Electric Forces in the Diffuse Layer: Electroosmotic and AC/IC Electroosmotic Pumps	p. 85
Electroosmotic Pump	p. 87
Pump Principle	p. 87
Characteristics	p. 90
AC/IC Electroosmotic Pump	p. 95
Pump Principle	p. 95
Characteristics	p. 98
Magnetic Forces: DC and AC MHD Pumps	p. 99
DC MHD Micropump	p. 100
Pumping Principle	p. 101
Characteristics	p. 102
AC MHD Micropump	p. 104
Pump Principle	p. 105
Characteristics	p. 106
Comparisons and Conclusions	p. 107
References	p. 111
Mixing in Microscale	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Mass Transport in Microscale	p. 118
Transport Effects	p. 118
Diffusive Transport	p. 118
Advective Transport	p. 119
Taylor-Aris Dispersion	p. 120
Chaotic Advection	p. 120
Dimensionless Numbers and Scaling Laws	p. 121
Micromixers Based on Molecular Diffusion	p. 125
Parallel Lamination	p. 125
Mixers Based on Pure Molecular Diffusion	p. 125
Mixers Based on Inertial Instabilities	p. 128
Sequential Lamination	p. 129
Sequential Segmentation	p. 130
Segmentation Based on Injection	p. 133
Focusing of Mixing Streams	p. 136
Micromixers Based on Chaotic Advection	p. 139
Chaotic Advection in a Continuous Flow	p. 139
Chaotic Advection at High Reynolds Numbers	p. 140
Chaotic Advection at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers	p. 142
Chaotic Advection at Low Reynolds Numbers	p. 142
Chaotic Advection in Multiphase Flow	p. 143
Active Micromixers	p. 146
Pressure-Driven Disturbance	p. 146
Electrohydrodynamic Disturbance	p. 147
Dielectrophoretic Disturbance	p. 147
Electrokinetic Disturbance	p. 148
Magnetohydrodynamic Disturbance	p. 148
Acoustic Disturbance	p. 148
Thermal Disturbance	p. 149
References	p. 149
Control of Liquids by Surface Energies	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Capillary Model	p. 159
Equilibrium Conditions	p. 160
Contact Line Pinning	p. 162
Computation of Droplet Shapes	p. 163
Plane Substrates with Wettability Patterns	p. 164
Experimental	p. 165
Circular Surface Domains	p. 167
Array of Hydrophilic Discs	p. 168
Array of Hydrophobic Discs	p. 170
Striped Surface Domains	p. 171
Perfectly Wettable Stripe	p. 171
Partially Wettable Stripe	p. 173
Hydrophilic Rings	p. 176
Liquid Wetting Several Stripes	p. 178
Wetting of Topographically Patterned Substrates	p. 181
Substrate Preparation	p. 182
Basic Topographies: Infinite Wedge and Step	p. 184
Infinite Wedge	p. 184
Tip Shape	p. 185
Topographic Step	p. 186
Triangular Grooves	p. 187
Rectangular Grooves	p. 190
Switching Equilibrium Morphologies	p. 194
Summary and Outlook	p. 196
References	p. 197
Electrowetting: Thermodynamic Foundation and Application to Microdevices	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Theoretical Background	p. 205
Surface Tension	p. 205
Surface Thermodynamics	p. 206
General Concept of Work	p. 208
Surface Tension in Thermodynamic Consideration	p. 208
Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Solid Interfaces: Young's Equation	p. 209
Pressure Difference at the Curvilinear Surface	p. 211
Example: Application of the Laplace-Young Equation	p. 213
Control of Surface Tension	p. 214
Example 1: Chemical Potential - Surface Tension System	p. 215
Example 2: Temperature - Surface Tension System	p. 217
Example 3: Electric Potential - Surface Tension System	p. 218
Electrowetting and Its Recent Variations	p. 220
Electric Double Layer	p. 220
Electrocapillarity: Lippmann's Experiment	p. 221
Electrowetting: On Solid Electrode	p. 223
Electrowetting: On Dielectric	p. 224
Microfluidic Device Using Electrowetting	p. 227
Pumping by Electrowetting on Liquid Electrode: CEW	p. 227
Pumping by Electrowetting on Solid Electrode	p. 228
Pumping by Electrowetting on Dielectric-Coated Solid Electrode (EWOD)	p. 229
Reconfigurable Digital (or Droplet) Microfluidics	p. 234
Summary	p. 236
References	p. 236
Magnetic Beads in Microfluidic Systems - Towards New Analytical Applications	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Types of Magnetic Beads	p. 242
Forces on Magnetic Beads	p. 244
Magnetic Bead Separation	p. 246
Magnetic Bead Transport	p. 250
Magnetic Beads as Labels for Detection	p. 253
Separation and Mixing Using Magnetic Supraparticle Structures	p. 257
Magnetic Beads as Substrates for Bio-assays	p. 258
Magnetic Beads in Droplets	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 265
References	p. 266
Manipulation of Microobjects by Optical Tweezers	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Single-Particle Manipulation with a Focused Laser Beam	p. 276
Trapping of a Micro/nano Particle with a Focused Laser Beam	p. 276
Trapping of a Metallic Particle	p. 279
Rotation of a Birefringent Microparticle	p. 281
Manipulation of a Micromachined Object	p. 283
Multiparticle Manipulation Techniques	p. 288
Single Beam Based Manipulation	p. 288
Time-Divided Laser Scanning for the Manipulation of Multiple Microparticles	p. 288
Continuous Transportation of Multiple Particles	p. 289
Bessel Beam for the Manipulation of Multiple Particles	p. 290
Holographic Optical Tweezers	p. 292
Evanescent Waves for the Propulsion of Microparticles	p. 295
Optically Driven Microfluidic Components	p. 297
Particle Sorter Using an Optical Lattice	p. 297
Optically Driven Micropump and Microvalve with Colloidal Structures	p. 299
Optically Driven Micropump Produced by Two-Photon Microstereolithography	p. 301
Optically Controlled Micromanipulators Produced by Two-Photon Microstereolithography	p. 303
Bio-manipulation Based on Optical Tweezers	p. 305
Cell Stretcher Using Optical Radiation Pressure	p. 305
Manipulation of Biomolecules with Optically Trapped Micro/nano Particles	p. 306
Optically Controlled Microtools for Biological Samples	p. 308
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 309
References	p. 309
Dielectrophoretic Microfluidics	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Quantification of Dielectrophoretic Micro-Fluidics	p. 316
Electric Force Acting on an Individual Particle	p. 316
Field Driven Phase Transitions	p. 320
Electro-Hydrodynamic Models	p. 323
Single-Particle Model	p. 323
Model for Collective Phenomena	p. 325
Microfluidic Applications of Dielectrophoresis	p. 329
Primary Flows	p. 330
Non-uniform Electric Field Generators	p. 331
Modes of Operation	p. 332
Depletion and Enhancement	p. 335
Architectural Considerations	p. 337
Fouling	p. 337
Throughput	p. 338
Concentration Factor	p. 340
Heating	p. 342
Examples of Architectures	p. 343
Post-Based Devices	p. 343
Facet-Based Devices	p. 344
Corduroy Devices	p. 347
Conclusion	p. 350
References	p. 351
Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation	p. 357
Introduction	p. 357
Theory	p. 358
Radiation Forces	p. 358
Radiation Forces on Small Compressible and Incompressible Spheres	p. 358
Some Practical Considerations	p. 362
Lateral Forces and Secondary Radiation Forces	p. 363
Acoustic Streaming	p. 364
Modelling of Standing Waves for Ultrasonic Force Fields	p. 365
Field Modelling	p. 365
Transduction Techniques	p. 368
Direct Excitation of Bulk Acoustic Waves	p. 368
Bulk PZT	p. 369
Thick-Film PZT	p. 370
Magnetostrictive Excitation	p. 371
Excitation via Leaky Surface Waves and Plate Waves	p. 372
Sol-Gel	p. 372
Alternative Materials	p. 373
Applications of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation	p. 373
Cell Viability	p. 374
Filtration and Concentration	p. 374
Enhanced Sedimentation	p. 374
Flow-Through Filtration	p. 375
Ultrasound Within a Porous Mesh	p. 377
Particle Trapping	p. 377
Trapping to Enhance Particle-Particle Interaction	p. 378
Trapping to Enhance Particle-Fluid Interaction	p. 378
Sensor Enhancement	p. 379
Particle Washing - Exchange of Containing Medium	p. 380
Particle Fractionation	p. 381
The Future of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation	p. 383
References	p. 383
Electrophoresis in Microfluidic Systems	p. 393
Introduction	p. 393
Free Solution Electrophoresis	p. 395
Gel Electrophoresis	p. 395
Isoelectric Focusing (IEF)	p. 396
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC)	p. 396
Electrophoresis in Microfabricated Systems	p. 396
Injection and Separation	p. 398
Sieving Gels	p. 401
Detection	p. 402
Device Construction	p. 404
Applications of Microchip Electrophoresis	p. 407
Advanced Electrophoresis Methods	p. 409
Integrated Systems	p. 411
Summary and Outlook	p. 414
References	p. 415
Chromatography in Microstructures	p. 439
Introduction	p. 439
Background	p. 439
Short Overview of Some Variants of Chromatography	p. 441
Gas Chromatography (GC)	p. 441
Pressure-Driven Liquid Chromatography (LC)	p. 441
Electrochromatography (EC)	p. 442
Miscellaneous	p. 442
Some Theoretical Considerations	p. 443
Examples of Chromatography on Microchips	p. 445
Gas Chromatography (GC)	p. 445
Pressure-Driven Liquid Chromatography (LC)	p. 449
Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC)	p. 454
Other Chromatographic Methods on Microchips	p. 463
Conclusions	p. 465
References	p. 466
Microscale Field-Flow Fractionation: Theory and Practice	p. 471
Introduction	p. 471
Background and Theory	p. 472
FFF Operating Modes and SPLITT Fractionation	p. 473
FFF Retention Theory	p. 475
Plate Height	p. 477
Nonequilibrium Plate Height	p. 479
Instrumental Plate Height	p. 479
Resolution	p. 479
Miniaturization Effects in FFF	p. 480
Instrumental Plate Height	p. 480
Gradient-Based Systems	p. 481
Plate Height Scaling	p. 481
Resolution Scaling	p. 482
Nongradient-Based Systems	p. 483
Plate Height Scaling	p. 483
Microscale Electrical FFF	p. 485
Theory	p. 486
Fabrication and Packaging	p. 489
System Characteristics	p. 490
Retention	p. 491
Separations	p. 492
Effective Field Scaling	p. 493
Microscale Cyclical Electrical FFF	p. 494
Theory	p. 495
Effective Field Model	p. 496
Steric Effects in CyFFF	p. 497
Particle Diffusion Effects	p. 497
Experimental Results	p. 498
Comparison of Theory with Experimental Data	p. 498
Separations	p. 499
Effects of Carrier pH and Ionic Strength	p. 500
Microscale Dielectrophoretic FFF	p. 501
Theory	p. 501
Experimental Results	p. 504
Microscale Thermal FFF	p. 505
Miniaturized Flow FFF	p. 507
Microscale Acoustic FFF	p. 508
Other Microscale FFF Efforts	p. 509
Microscale Split-Flow Thin Fractionation	p. 510
Microscale Hydrodynamic Chromatography	p. 511
Nanoscale FFF	p. 513
Conclusion	p. 515
References	p. 516
Nucleic Acid Amplification in Microsystems	p. 523
General Elements of Amplification	p. 523
Micro-Macro Comparison	p. 526
Typical Length Scales	p. 526
Volumetric Effects	p. 527
Surface Effects	p. 528
Linear, Timescale and Other Effects	p. 529
Microfluidic Realization Methods	p. 530
Substrates	p. 531
Types of Setup	p. 532
Amplification in Wells	p. 533
Amplification by Continuous Flow-Through Devices	p. 536
Special Realization Methods	p. 538
Surface Treatments	p. 543
Detection of Amplified DNA	p. 546
Integrated Micro-PCR Systems	p. 547
Alternative Protocols to PCR	p. 551
Conclusion	p. 554
References	p. 555
Cytometry on Microfluidic Chips	p. 569
Introduction	p. 569
Design of Microfluidic Flow Cytometers	p. 572
Transport and Focusing of Cell Suspensions	p. 572
The Sorting Unit: Active Microfluidic Switches	p. 574
Integration of Several Functionalities on Microchips	p. 579
Detection Concepts for Ultrasensitive Cytometry	p. 580
Single Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Microfluidic Channels	p. 580
Determination of Flow Velocity by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)	p. 586
Integration of Optical Components into Microfluidic Chips	p. 590
Other Detection Techniques	p. 590
Perspectives for Biotechnology	p. 592
Sorting of Single Molecules	p. 592
Cell-Free Protein Expression in Microfluidic Chips	p. 593
Perspectives of Generating Membrane Vesicles in Microstructures	p. 596
Conclusion	p. 598
References	p. 598
Index	p. 607
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Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems

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Hardcover

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